Pesticides are mainly used to prevent and control harmful agricultural and forestry animal husbandry production of pests such as pests, mites, nematodes, pathogens, weeds and rodents and regulate the growth of plants chemicals. Pesticides are important agricultural production materials. They have an irreplaceable position and role in the emergency prevention and control of agricultural pests. At the same time, pesticides are also toxic and flammable substances. With the development of pesticide science and technology, pesticide formulations and types have continued to increase. Faced with a wide range of pesticides, how to properly purchase has become a concern for pesticide users. The selection of suitable, high-quality pesticides is a prerequisite for ensuring the safety and application of drugs. The use of pesticides requires strong technical skills and good use. It can prevent and control agricultural pests and protect the safety of agricultural production. Improper use can cause crop injury, excessive pesticide residues, environmental pollution, and human and animal poisoning accidents.
First, the correct choice of pesticides; Second, the use of pesticide safety system; Third, the prohibition and restrictions on the use of pesticides; Fourth, the use of pesticide safety points; Five, pesticide safety precautions; Sixth, the safe storage of pesticides.
First, choose pesticides correctly
1, first of all to clear the object of prevention. Pay attention to the type of road and purchase different pesticides for different pests and diseases. Please read the instructions and precautions carefully when purchasing, and apply pesticides suitable for you. You can also ask agricultural technicians, consult technical staff of the plant hospital, or consult technical data and pictures to clearly identify the objects to be controlled and properly purchase pesticides.
2. Pay attention to whether the operation is formal and legal. Regular managers are familiar with the relevant knowledge, have regular purchase channels, and have guaranteed quality. They can correctly and detailedly describe pesticides suitable for pest control and their characteristics, use technologies, and appropriate control periods.
3, buy efficient, safe and economical pesticides. The pesticides should be purchased with low dosage, good control effect, low toxicity, low residue in agricultural and sideline products and environment, and short residue time.
4, pay attention to whether the price is appropriate. Some pesticides prices are obviously low, and the difference between the price of the same pesticides is obviously not possible. Therefore, it is necessary to beware of pesticides with a false pesticide or an insufficient content of active ingredients.
5, pay attention to whether the pesticide packaging is qualified. The qualified pesticides are packed tightly, the content of the labels is complete, and the “three certificatesâ€, namely the pesticide registration certificate, production approval permit, and standard certificate number are complete, and the writing is clear.
6, pay attention to the external quality of pesticides. The qualified pesticide emulsion has no layered precipitation, the powder does not agglomerate, the granules are evenly attached, the suspension agent is clear and thorough, and the shake is rapid.
7, pay attention to the production date. The general pesticide is valid for two years, and the efficacy is reduced beyond the effective period.
8. Pay attention to the composition of pesticides on the label. In actual production, some farmers have spent money on several medicines, but the main ingredients are the same. They are just different in product names. If several medicines bought back are used together, they will increase costs and induce phytotoxicity. Possible.
Second, the use of pesticide safety system
1. Highly toxic pesticides are not allowed to be used in crops such as vegetables, tea, fruit trees, and Chinese herbal medicines, and are not allowed to be used in the prevention and control of sanitary pests and skin diseases of humans and animals.
2. It is prohibited to use pesticides to poison fish, shrimps, frogs and beneficial birds and animals.
3, pesticides purchased by the use of the unit designated personnel credentials. Pesticides with poorly identified and qualitatively ineffective pesticides, such as the product name, active ingredient content, date of manufacture, and instructions for use, must not be used.
4. If leakage or cracking is found during the transportation of pesticides, use the prescribed materials to transport them after packaging, and properly dispose of the contaminated ground, transportation tools and packaging materials in a timely manner.
5, pesticides can not be mixed with food, vegetables, fruits, food, daily necessities, mixed.
6. The pesticide import and export warehouse shall establish registration procedures and shall not be randomly accessed.
7. In the process of use, the dispensing personnel must wear rubber gloves, and the dose must be weighed in accordance with the prescribed dose. The use of hand-stirring is prohibited; dispensing and seed dressing should be selected in a safe place away from drinking water sources and residential areas. Special care should be taken to prevent pesticides or poisons from being lost or eaten by humans, poultry and poultry.
8. Signs should be erected wherever high-toxicity pesticides are used. Grazing, mowing and digging of wild vegetables are prohibited within a certain period of time.
Third, prohibit and limit the use of pesticides.
At present, there are 23 kinds of pesticides that the country has explicitly banned. That is, 666, DDT, toxaphene, dibromochloropropane, insecticidal anthraquinone, dibromoethane, herbicidal ether, aldrin, dieldrin, mercury preparation, arsenic, lead, dichlorvos, fluoroethyl Amide, Gly Fluoride, Tetramine, Sodium Fluoroacetate, Tetramine Silicon, Methamidophos, Parathion (1605), Methyl Parathion (Methyl-160), Monocrotophos, Phosphamidite .
There are 18 kinds of restricted pesticides. Omethoate, dicofol, cypermethrin, butyryl hydrazide (pyrazine), phorate, methylisotriphos, tert-parathion, methylthiophosphor, phosphorus, phosphorus, carbofuran , Aldicarb, Termin, Phosphorus, Phosphorus, Phytophos, Chloro-Z, Phosphorus
There are 18 kinds of restricted pesticides. That is, the use of omethoate is prohibited on cabbage; the use of dicofol and fenvalerate on tea plants is prohibited; use of butyryl hydrazide (for a long time) is prohibited on peanuts; the use of terbutoxal is prohibited on sugar cane; Phosphorus, methylisotriphos, tert-butyl, methylthiophosphor, phosphorus, phosphorus, carbofuran, aldicarb, pyrophosphate, thiophos-phorus, fly phos- p, worms Phosphorus, chlorzophos, and phenoxyphosphorus are used on vegetables, fruit trees, tea, and Chinese herbal medicines.
The use of highly toxic pesticides in the agricultural production of our city still exists. High-toxic pesticides such as formazan and methylisotriphos are still the main species for the prevention and control of underground pests in some local food crops. Some parts of the orchards are still using water-containing phosphoramidites. Dimethoate and other highly toxic pesticides. We must conscientiously implement the "Regulations on Pesticide Management," and increase the prohibition of the use of highly toxic pesticides in the promotion and use of management.
IV. Technical points for the safe use of pesticides
1. Determine the target of prevention and cure the disease. When diseases, diseases, pests, grasses, and rats are found in the field, diagnoses must be made based on their characteristics and hazard symptoms, especially crop diseases. Common diseases can be judged based on illness and pathological conditions. Some newly occurring diseases in the local area must be diagnosed. Consult the plant protection technical department. After the diagnosis is made through tests or instruments, the control agent is selected.
2. Select the pesticide species on the road, grasp the appropriate concentration and control period to improve the control effect. Different crops or different varieties of a crop have different susceptibility to pesticides. If a certain pesticide is applied to sensitive crops or varieties, phytotoxicity will occur. Such as acetochlor can be widely used in tomato, pepper, eggplant, cabbage, celery, radish, onion, garlic and other vegetables, but the use of cucumber, spinach, leeks are prone to phytotoxicity, so the choice of pesticides on the road Very critical. After the selection of the control agent, it is necessary to grasp the best period of control according to the growth period of the crop and the degree of occurrence of pests and diseases, and scientifically formulate it in strict accordance with the use concentration indicated on the pesticide package.
3, scientific use of pesticides. For crop pest prevention and control, we must adhere to the principle of “prevention as the mainstay and comprehensive prevention and control†and implement prevention and control of chemical agents based on the prevention and control of agriculture, biology, and physics. To carry out chemical prevention and control of the use of drugs, the vast majority of pests and diseases in the early stages of the disease, the harm is light, control effect is good, after a large-scale outbreak, even if repeated medication, the loss is difficult to restore. Therefore, we must adhere to prevention and comprehensive prevention and reduce the use of pesticides as much as possible to reduce the impact on the environment and product quality and safety.
4. Use the correct method of application. There are many methods of application and various methods of application have advantages and disadvantages. Appropriate methods of application should be determined according to the occurrence and occurrence of diseases and pests, the characteristics of hazards, and the circumstances in which they occur. For example, for controlling underground pests, methods such as seed dressing, bait, soil poisoning, and soil treatment can be used; the diseases of seed germs can be controlled, and seed dressing or soaking in warm soup can be used. Because of the different characteristics of pests and diseases, the key parts of the pesticide application are also different, such as the control of vegetable aphids, spraying the key parts in the seedlings growing point and the back of the leaves; controlling the cucumber downy mildew spraying; the prevention of melon anthrax, leaf The front is the focus of spraying. 5, master a reasonable amount of medication and medication times. The dosage should be determined according to the properties of the drug, different crops, different growth periods, and different application methods. For example, the amount of pesticides used at the seedling stage of crops is less than that at the late growth stage. The frequency of application should be determined according to the length of the period of pests and diseases, the effective period of the pesticide and the control effect after the last application.
6, pay attention to rotation medication. Repeated use of a pesticide for a controlled object for a long time makes it easy for the control object to develop resistance to the pesticide. Over time, applying the pesticide will not control the hazards of this control object. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to rotation and alternation of pesticides that exert different effects on the control subjects.
7. Accelerate the introduction, demonstration and promotion of new pesticide devices. The use of excellent application of pesticides is the most effective way to increase the utilization of pesticides. The performance of the pesticide application equipment is directly proportional to the degree of atomization of the pesticide and is inversely proportional to the loss and drift of the pesticide. The performance of the pesticide application device is excellent, the atomization degree of the pesticide is high, and the loss and drift of the pesticide is relatively high. Less, improve the utilization of pesticides and reduce the use of pesticides. In recent years, the rate of replacement of pesticides in China has been accelerating, and the proportion of pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity, and low residue has continued to increase. Through trials and demonstrations, counties have promoted a batch of high-efficiency, low-toxic, low-residue new pesticide varieties in a timely manner and solved their production needs. In order to solve the problem of the backwardness of China's pesticide equipment, the National Agricultural Technology Promotion Center has promoted a number of new types of pesticides, such as the guardian manual sprayer, PB-16 manual sprayer, Taishan motorized sprayer, Dongfanghong motorized sprayer, etc. The use of pesticides was reduced by 33%, the atomization was finer, and the control effect was 95%. It has achieved remarkable results in the prevention and control of crop pests and diseases.
8, strictly abide by the safety interval regulations. Pesticide safety interval refers to the period before the last harvest, use and consumption of crops, in order to ensure that pesticide residue in agricultural products is less than the specified tolerance, that is, from the time after spraying to the maximum allowable residue time. The length of the safety interval depends on the type of pesticide, crop diameter, application methods, application amount, and meteorological conditions. Various medicines have different safety intervals due to their different rates of decomposition and disappearance. In actual production, the time from the last spraying to crop harvesting should be longer than the safety interval specified on the label. In order to ensure that the residue of agricultural products does not exceed the standard, it cannot be harvested during the safety interval. Post-sprayed crops should be given a warning sign, especially for melons, fruits, and vegetables, and red cards should be inserted to prevent people and livestock from entering.
Fifth, pesticide safety precautions.
1, the use of safe spraying equipment (with). Before spraying, check that the spraying device is intact. Whether there is a phenomenon of “running, running, dripping, or leakingâ€, do not use the mouth to blow the blocked nozzle, use a toothpick, straw or water to clear the nozzle. Do not overfill the liquid in the sprayer to avoid liquid spillage and contaminate the skin and protective clothing. Appropriate water, cleaning agents, first aid kits, and repair kits should be provided at the application site.
2. When deploying pesticides, gloves and masks should be taken. Do not mix medicines by hand. When preparing highly active herbicides, a secondary dilution method should be adopted, ie, adding a little water to the mother liquor to mix the mother liquor, and then diluting the mother liquor to the desired concentration.
3, spraying personnel should be healthy, after training, with a certain knowledge of plant protection. Elderly, frail workers, children and women during pregnancy and breastfeeding cannot apply drugs.
Wear protective clothing, such as caps, masks, glasses, rubber gloves, plastic raincoats, long shoes, etc. to prevent the liquid from sticking or inhaling the liquid to cause poisoning. When spraying, do not smoke, drink water, or spray when you feel unwell.
4, pay attention to the safety when spraying. Grasp the spraying time and pay attention to the weather conditions. The spraying of pesticides in the fields in heavy fog, high winds and rainy days will cause a large amount of pesticides to be lost and drift, and is prone to human poisoning accidents. It is absolutely not allowed. Always apply in the upper position, do not apply against the wind; do not eat, drink or smoke while spraying. Do not apply pesticides at high temperatures. If the temperature is too high, the water will evaporate easily. The concentration of pesticides sprayed on the crops will increase, which will cause crop injury and should not be sprayed. The best time for spraying pesticides is in the early morning and evening of the day. The surface temperature is relatively stable and the pesticide can be directly and evenly sprayed onto the crop.
5, master the knowledge of poisoning first aid. The spraying personnel spray can not be too long, the spray time can not exceed 6 hours a day, and do not spray for many days. If there are symptoms of fatigue, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, skin irritation, etc. during the application process, immediately leave the scene, take off the clothes contaminated with pesticides, and wash the body with soap. Heavier poisoning symptoms should be immediately sent to hospital for treatment. Inadvertently touch the liquid in the spray should be washed quickly with soapy water. If you enter the eyes, immediately wash with salt solution (salt 9 and water 1000). After spraying, wash your hands and contaminated areas with soap. Contaminated clothing and medical equipment should be thoroughly cleaned before storage.
6. Correctly clean the spraying equipment. The spraying equipment should be washed after each use to reduce crop injury. The measuring cups, containers, and sprayers containing pesticides must be washed with water or hot soapy water for 2 or 3 times, and then washed with clean water before they can be used to hold other pesticides or spray other crops. Otherwise, It is very easy to cause phytotoxicity. Herbicide sprayers are best used exclusively. Do not wash in rivers, streams, or wells while cleaning to avoid contaminating the water source. Pesticide waste packaging is forbidden to use as it is, not to be thrown away, to be stored centrally and properly handled.
VI. Safe Storage of Pesticides
1. Minimize storage and storage time. Pesticides should be purchased based on actual demand to avoid backlog deterioration and safety hazards.
2, stored in a safe, suitable place. A small amount of residual pesticides should be kept in the original packaging, sealed and stored in a locked place, and should not be filled with other containers. It is forbidden to use empty beverage bottles to separate the remaining pesticides. Should be kept out of reach of children and animals, and cool, dry, ventilated, dark place. Do not approach or mix with food, food, or feed. Do not store with seeds. Because pesticide volatiles are highly corrosive, pesticides and seeds are stored together, which reduces the germination rate of the seeds.
3, the stored pesticide packaging should have a complete, solid, clear label.
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