Release date: 2013-07-30
In collaboration with neuroinformatics researchers in Switzerland and the United States, for the first time, a novel microchip was successfully developed that simulates the process of processing information in the brain in real time. The latest research will help scientists create cognitive systems that interact with the surrounding environment in real time.
Previous studies have been limited to developing neural network models on traditional computers or simulating complex neural networks on supercomputers. The new research idea is that R&D is comparable to real brain in terms of size, processing speed and energy consumption. Circuit. Giacomo Indiveri, a professor at the Institute of Neuroinformatics (INI) at the University of Zurich and the Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), said: "Our goal is to simulate the properties of biological neurons and synapses directly on the microchip. ."
The main challenge in achieving this is to configure a network of artificial neurons to perform specific tasks. Swiss scientists have now succeeded in conquering this “bunkerâ€, they have developed a neuromorphic system that can perform complex sensory motion tasks in real time, and borrow this system to demonstrate a decision-making task that requires short-term memory and antecedents. This task is indispensable for cognitive testing.
During the demonstration, they merged the artificial neurons into a network that can execute the neural processing modules. These processing modules, like the so-called "finite state machines", can formulate behaviors, so an automated Way, transfer it to the neuromorphic hardware. A "finite state machine" is a mathematical concept used to describe a logical process or computer program. Indiveri said: "This network connection model is very similar to the structure found in mammalian brains."
This is the first time scientists have demonstrated how to construct this real-time hardware neural processing system. Indiveri concluded: "The neuromorphic chips we developed using the new method can behave like 'Transformers' to construct different types of behavioral patterns. New research is critical to the development of new brain-inspired technologies." Scientists can borrow this technology to combine a chip with a sensory neuromorphic component (such as an artificial cochlea or retina) to create a complex cognitive system that interacts with the surrounding environment in real time.
Source: Kexun
For the treatment of diseases of the digestive system:
Many symptoms can signal problems with the GI tract, including: abdominal pain, blood in the stool, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, heartburn, incontinence, nausea and vomiting and difficulty swallowing, according to the NIH.
Among the most widely known diseases of the digestive system is colon cancer. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 51,783 Americans died from colon cancer in 2011 (the most recent year for available data). Excluding skin cancers, colon and rectal cancer, or colorectal cancer, is the third most common cancer diagnosed in both men and women in the United States, according to the American Cancer Society.
Polyp growth and irregular cells, which may or may not be cancerous, are the most common development paths for colorectal cancers (also referred to as CRC), and can be detected during a routine colonoscopy, according to Dr. John Marks, a gastroenterologist affiliated with the Main Line Health health care system.
[The best news is that, if caught early enough, they can also be removed during the colonoscopy - eliminating the possibility that they grow further and become cancer," Marks said.
For those patients whose cancer has already spread, there are various minimally invasive surgical options that have extremely good prognoses. It is recommended that asymptomatic patients without a family history begin getting tested regularly between the ages 45 and 50, according to Marks. [Symptoms which may suggest that you need a colonoscopy at an earlier age include rectal bleeding and stool/bowel habit changes which last for more than a few days."
While CRC gets a great deal of attention, many diseases and conditions of the digestive system - including irritable bowel syndrome, diverticulitis, GERD (acid reflux) and Crohn`s disease - can be chronic and are difficult to diagnose and treat, according to Dr. Larry Good, a gastroenterologist affiliated with South Nassau Communities Hospital. [With many of these diseases, blood work and colonoscopies all looks normal, so there is an absence of red flags."
Many of the diseases of the digestive system are tied to the foods we eat, and a number of sufferers can reduce their symptoms by restricting their diets, Good said. [Of course no one wants to hear that they can`t eat certain foods, but many times, eliminating acidic things from the diet, such as tomatoes, onions, and red wine, can have an impact," Good said.
There are a number of tests to detect digestive tract ailments. A colonoscopy is the examination of the inside of the colon using a long, flexible, fiber-optic viewing instrument called a colonoscope, according the American Gastroenterological Association. Other testing procedures include upper GI endoscopy, capsule endoscopy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound.
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