Persimmon is one of the major fruit tree species in China and has a long history of cultivation in China. The persimmon tree has strong adaptability and is particularly suitable for planting in mountainous areas. It has a long age and high fruit yield and is deeply loved. However, the occurrence of insect pests in the production process has a great influence on the quality and yield of fruits. The major pests and control methods that appear on the persimmon tree are summarized below for reference by farmers. I. Persimmon cotton aphid 1. Distribution and hazards are widespread. Harms persimmon shoots, young leaves, and fruits. Nymphs and adults are most likely to cluster under the fruit and cause damage to the joints with the persimmon. At the beginning, the victim was yellow-green dots and gradually expanded into dark spots, which caused the fruits to soften and fall off in advance and reduce the yield and quality. 2. Morphological characteristics Adult females are 1.5 mm in length, oval in shape and purple in color. Male adults, thin, 2.5 mm long, purple-red. Eggs are oval in shape, with white wax powder and wax on the surface, densely packed in oocysts. The nymph is purple-red, flat, oval and has short spines around. 3. Living habits Henan, Shandong and other places occur four generations each year. The nymphs are overwintering on the twigs of the 2nd and 3rd year branches of the cortex, the rough skin, and the dried persimmon. In the second year of April, he began to exhume, climbed to shoots, shoots, petioles, and leaves, etc. He sucked juice. Later, he fixed the hazards on the surface of Shiki and the fruits, formed wax wadding, and gradually grew and differentiated into male and female sex. 4. Prevention and control measures 1 Before germination of persimmons in the early spring, spray 5 bumeido lime sulfur or 5% diesel emulsion to eliminate overwintering nymphs. From early May to early May, the persimmon tree spreads its leaves until it reaches the flowering stage, and controls the overwintering nymph to leave the overwintering site. However, before the formation of the waxy shell, it is sprayed carefully with 40% dimethoate 1000 times or 50% acephate 1500. Double fluid. 3 Black-and-white ladybugs and red dot ladybirds have a certain degree of control over the occurrence of persimmon cotton aphid. When a large amount occurs, they should use as few or no broad-spectrum pesticides as possible to avoid killing natural enemies. 4 Note the source of the scion and do not allow the introduction of the scion with the insect. Insect seedlings have to be disinfected before planting. Second, grass hoe 1. Distribution and hazards are widespread. The nymphs are on the tree in early spring and cluster buds suck. Buds withered, weakened tree vigor and reduced yield. 2. Morphological characteristics Adult females are wingless, 10 mm in length, flat and oval, like a straw shoe, grayish brown on the back, auburn brown on the belly, white wax powder. Egg oval, yellow, nymphs and females are similar, but the body is small and dark. Male and female, cylindrical, brown, ca. 5 mm. Small, white cotton. 3. Living habits 1 year in North China, wintering with eggs in the earth. Incubation begins in late January (also hatched at the end of the first year). After the nymphs hatch, they pause in the oocysts and begin to unearth them as the temperature rises. In the Xuchang area of ​​Henan, the nymph began to unearth in early February and reached its peak in mid-February and ended in early March. Most of the nymphs move around noon, and when the temperature is high, they crawl along trunks and shoots sprouts. The worm body is slightly more than 5 centimeters in diameter. In early April, after the first skin peeled off, the worm body increased and began to secrete wax powder. After growing up, there are often hazards of growing trees after sunrise, the habit of stumbling down into earth seams, etc., in the afternoon, and there are also dangers of not putting on trees and causing damage to the stems and roots on the surface. In mid-April, the third nymph was peeled off, and then the male nymphs lurked in the bark, earth seams, etc., and about 10 days later, the nymphs became adults. Females become adults after the third peel. In mid-to-late May, the females began to plant trees, drilled into the earth seam around 5-7 cm deep under the trees or under stones, secreted white cotton-like oocysts, and laid eggs in them. 4. Prevention and control measures 1 Artificial control: In autumn and winter seasons, digging tree trays and applying base fertilizers are used to excavate the oocysts around the trunk and burn them together. At the beginning of February, the old skin was scraped off at the base of the trunk, coated with about 10 cm of glue, and the insects and nymphs of the upper tree were killed and the dead insects were removed with a brush every day. The effect was good. 0.5 kg of cotton oil can be used as the glue of the armyworm, and 0.25 kg of the rosin powder can be added after heating. When the female lays its eggs under the tree, it digs around the base of the trunk, puts some leaves and weeds inside, induces insects to lay eggs, and then burns them. 2 Chemical control Spray 3 to 5 Baume degree lime sulfur at the nymph stage, which can also be controlled by the above-mentioned agents. Third, the persimmon worm 1. Distribution and harm also known as persimmon, persimmon fruitworm. China, North China, Central China, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Anhui and other places have occurred. The larvae drilled and eaten fruit, causing the persimmon to turn red, soft, and fall off. Severe damage can cause persimmons to fail. 2. Morphological characteristics Adult moth female body length of about 7 mm, 15-16 mm wingspan. The head is tan-brown with a slight metallic luster, compound eyes are reddish-brown and antennae are filiform. The rear foot is long and stretches backwards and upwards at rest. Eggs milky white, nearly oval. About 0.5 mm in length. The larvae of mature larvae are about 10 mm in length. The head is tan, and the thoracodorsal and buttocks plates are dark brown and the back of each section is dark purple.蛹 brown, body length of about 7 mm. 3. Life habits occur 2 generations in 1 year. The mature larvae overwinter over the cracks in the bark or in the soil near the base of the trunk. In Henan, Hebei, Shandong, and Shanxi, overwintering larvae have metamorphosed in mid- and late April, and adults have emerged in early May. The peak period is in mid-May. In early May, the first generation of larvae began to harm young fruit. Between late June and early July, the larvae became mature. A part of the mature larvae was found in the damaged fruits, and some of them rancid and sputum under the cracks in the bark. First-generation adults emerged from early July to late July. The peak period is in mid-July. The second-generation larvae have harmed fruits one after another from early August to the harvest period of persimmons. Since late August, larvae have gradually matured over winter. The adults lay on the back of the leaves or in other dark places during the day and they were active at night and lay eggs. The egg is prolific in the gap between the fruit stem and the fruit pedicle. Each female lays 10 to 40 eggs. Egg period 5 to 7 days. After the first generation of larvae hatched, many fruit stalks were sterilized into the young fruit and the feces were discharged outside the pod bore. One larva can feed 4 to 6 young fruit. The victim's fruit changed from green to gray-brown and finally dried up. As larvae spun silk stalks, the damaged fruit is not easy to fall off. The second generation larvae generally harm the flesh under the persimmon, and the affected fruit turns red, soft, and falls off in advance. In rainy and humid weather, young fruit suffers more and causes a lot of fruit drop. 4. Prevention and control measures Because the dispersal and management of persimmon trees are relatively extensive, comprehensive prevention and control measures should be adopted with artificial control as the main method and chemical control as the supplement. 1Manual control: scrape the bark, scrape off the old rough skin on the branches in winter, and burn them in concentrated way to eliminate the overwintering larvae. The insects were extirpated. In the larvae's fruit-fighting period, the first generation of June and late June, and the second generation of August and the end of August, each of the insects were removed 2 to 3 times. Removal of the first generation is better, and the Shiki must be removed together to reduce the hazards of the second generation. Trunks tied the grass, in mid-August, shaved over the rough trunk and the main branch on the grass to trap overwintering larvae, winter grass will be solved and burned down. 2 Chemical control: In mid-May and mid-July, two generations of adult insects spraying 40% dimethoate emulsion 800 to 1000 times, or 90% trichlorfon 1000 times, can receive good control effect.
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