The low pressure reactor generally refers to a reaction vessel of 1.6 MPa or less. Due to different process conditions and media, the material selection and structure of the reactor are not the same, but the basic composition is the same. It includes the transmission, heat transfer and agitation device, and the kettle body (top cover, cylinder, bottom) , process takeover, etc. The size of the equipment is generally determined by the effective height of the reactor Hgz / the inner diameter of the reactor Di = 1.0 ~ 1.2, if Hgz / Di > 1.5, the number of blades should be added. The diameter of the blade is usually 1/3/Di, and the spacing between the upper and lower blades should be slightly larger than the pitch. The necessary heat transfer and agitation means are provided on the structure of the apparatus to enhance the reaction process.
The reactor body is generally made of steel (or lining), cast iron or bismuth glass. The materials used in the reactor, the stirring device, the heating method, the shaft seal structure, the volume, the temperature, the pressure, and the like have various similarities and differences, and their basic characteristics are as follows:
1. The structural reactor structure is basically the same. In addition to the reactor body, there are transmission devices, stirring and heating (or cooling) devices, etc., which can improve the heat transfer conditions, make the reaction temperature control more uniform, and do not strengthen the mass transfer process. .
Second, the operation pressure reactor has a higher operating pressure. The pressure in the kettle is caused by a chemical reaction or is formed by an increase in temperature. The pressure fluctuates greatly and sometimes the operation is unstable. The sudden pressure rise may exceed several times the normal pressure. Therefore, most of the reactors are pressurized vessels.
Third, the operating temperature The reactor operating temperature is high, usually the chemical reaction needs to be carried out under certain temperature conditions, so the reactor is subjected to both pressure and temperature. There are usually the following methods for obtaining high temperatures:
1. Water heating can be used when the temperature is not high. The heating system has two types: open type and closed type. The open type is relatively simple. It consists of a circulating pump, a water tank, a pipe and a regulator for controlling the valve. When high pressure water is used, the mechanical strength of the equipment is high, the outer surface of the reactor is welded with a coil, and the coil has a gap with the wall of the kettle. The thermal resistance increases and the heat transfer effect decreases.
2. When the steam heating temperature is below 100 °C, it can be heated by steam below one atmosphere; saturated steam should be used in the range of 100~180 °C; high temperature superheated steam can be used when the temperature is higher. 3, heating with other media If the process requirements must be operated at high temperatures or to avoid the use of high-pressure heating systems, other media can be used instead of water and steam, such as mineral oil (275 ~ 300 ° C), diphenyl ether mixture (boiling point 258 ° C), molten salt (140 ~ 540 ° C), liquid lead (melting point 327 ° C) and so on. 4. Electric heating winds the electric resistance wire around the insulating layer of the reaction vessel body or is installed on a special insulator at a certain distance from the reaction kettle. Therefore, a small space gap is formed between the electric resistance wire and the reaction kettle body. . In the first three methods, the jacket is added to the kettle body. Due to the large temperature variation, the jacket and the casing of the kettle are subjected to temperature changes to generate temperature difference pressure. When using electric heating, the equipment is light and simple, the temperature is easy to adjust, and the pump, stove, chimney and other facilities are not needed, the driving is also very simple, the risk is not high, the cost is low, but the operating cost is higher than other heating methods, thermal efficiency Below 85%, it is suitable for heating temperatures below 400 ° C and where the price of electricity is lower.
4. Stirring structure of the reactor In the reactor, chemical reaction is usually carried out. In order to ensure uniform and rapid reaction, and the efficiency is improved, a corresponding stirring device is usually installed in the reactor, so that the movement of the transmission shaft is brought about. Seal and prevent leakage problems.
V. The working reactor of the reaction kettle is mostly gap operation. Sometimes to ensure the quality of the product, each batch needs to be cleaned after discharging. The top of the kettle is equipped with quick opening manhole and hand hole for sampling, measuring volume and observing reaction. And access to the equipment for internal maintenance. Requirements and development trends of reactors for chemical production:
1. Large volume, which is an effective way and development trend to increase production, reduce quality errors between batch production, and reduce product costs. The reactor for dye production is mostly below 6000L, and other industries have up to 30m3; foreign countries have 20,000 to 40,000L in the dye industry, while other industries can reach 120m3.
2. The stirrer of the reaction kettle has been developed from a single stirrer to forced circulation with a double stirrer or an external pump. In foreign countries, in addition to the agitator, the kettle body is rotated along the horizontal line to increase the reaction speed.
3, manual automation with continuous automation and continuous replacement, such as the use of program control, can ensure stable production, improve product quality, increase revenue, reduce physical labor, and eliminate environmental pollution.
4. Reasonable use of thermal energy, selection of zui good process operating conditions, strengthening of thermal insulation measures, improvement of heat transfer efficiency, reduction of heat loss to low limit of zui, and comprehensive utilization of heat energy after waste heat or reaction. The application of heat pipe technology will be the direction of future development.
The reactor body is generally made of steel (or lining), cast iron or bismuth glass. The materials used in the reactor, the stirring device, the heating method, the shaft seal structure, the volume, the temperature, the pressure, and the like have various similarities and differences, and their basic characteristics are as follows:
1. The structural reactor structure is basically the same. In addition to the reactor body, there are transmission devices, stirring and heating (or cooling) devices, etc., which can improve the heat transfer conditions, make the reaction temperature control more uniform, and do not strengthen the mass transfer process. .
Second, the operation pressure reactor has a higher operating pressure. The pressure in the kettle is caused by a chemical reaction or is formed by an increase in temperature. The pressure fluctuates greatly and sometimes the operation is unstable. The sudden pressure rise may exceed several times the normal pressure. Therefore, most of the reactors are pressurized vessels.
Third, the operating temperature The reactor operating temperature is high, usually the chemical reaction needs to be carried out under certain temperature conditions, so the reactor is subjected to both pressure and temperature. There are usually the following methods for obtaining high temperatures:
1. Water heating can be used when the temperature is not high. The heating system has two types: open type and closed type. The open type is relatively simple. It consists of a circulating pump, a water tank, a pipe and a regulator for controlling the valve. When high pressure water is used, the mechanical strength of the equipment is high, the outer surface of the reactor is welded with a coil, and the coil has a gap with the wall of the kettle. The thermal resistance increases and the heat transfer effect decreases.
2. When the steam heating temperature is below 100 °C, it can be heated by steam below one atmosphere; saturated steam should be used in the range of 100~180 °C; high temperature superheated steam can be used when the temperature is higher. 3, heating with other media If the process requirements must be operated at high temperatures or to avoid the use of high-pressure heating systems, other media can be used instead of water and steam, such as mineral oil (275 ~ 300 ° C), diphenyl ether mixture (boiling point 258 ° C), molten salt (140 ~ 540 ° C), liquid lead (melting point 327 ° C) and so on. 4. Electric heating winds the electric resistance wire around the insulating layer of the reaction vessel body or is installed on a special insulator at a certain distance from the reaction kettle. Therefore, a small space gap is formed between the electric resistance wire and the reaction kettle body. . In the first three methods, the jacket is added to the kettle body. Due to the large temperature variation, the jacket and the casing of the kettle are subjected to temperature changes to generate temperature difference pressure. When using electric heating, the equipment is light and simple, the temperature is easy to adjust, and the pump, stove, chimney and other facilities are not needed, the driving is also very simple, the risk is not high, the cost is low, but the operating cost is higher than other heating methods, thermal efficiency Below 85%, it is suitable for heating temperatures below 400 ° C and where the price of electricity is lower.
4. Stirring structure of the reactor In the reactor, chemical reaction is usually carried out. In order to ensure uniform and rapid reaction, and the efficiency is improved, a corresponding stirring device is usually installed in the reactor, so that the movement of the transmission shaft is brought about. Seal and prevent leakage problems.
V. The working reactor of the reaction kettle is mostly gap operation. Sometimes to ensure the quality of the product, each batch needs to be cleaned after discharging. The top of the kettle is equipped with quick opening manhole and hand hole for sampling, measuring volume and observing reaction. And access to the equipment for internal maintenance. Requirements and development trends of reactors for chemical production:
1. Large volume, which is an effective way and development trend to increase production, reduce quality errors between batch production, and reduce product costs. The reactor for dye production is mostly below 6000L, and other industries have up to 30m3; foreign countries have 20,000 to 40,000L in the dye industry, while other industries can reach 120m3.
2. The stirrer of the reaction kettle has been developed from a single stirrer to forced circulation with a double stirrer or an external pump. In foreign countries, in addition to the agitator, the kettle body is rotated along the horizontal line to increase the reaction speed.
3, manual automation with continuous automation and continuous replacement, such as the use of program control, can ensure stable production, improve product quality, increase revenue, reduce physical labor, and eliminate environmental pollution.
4. Reasonable use of thermal energy, selection of zui good process operating conditions, strengthening of thermal insulation measures, improvement of heat transfer efficiency, reduction of heat loss to low limit of zui, and comprehensive utilization of heat energy after waste heat or reaction. The application of heat pipe technology will be the direction of future development.
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