Lotus breeding can be divided into seed propagation (sexual reproduction) and tillering propagation (vegetative reproduction). It is difficult to maintain the traits of the original varieties by sowing and breeding. Therefore, it is generally applied when cultivating new varieties of lotus flowers. It is more economical and feasible to reproduce seeds directly in a large area of ​​ponds and ponds. Reproduction and breeding can not only maintain the basic good traits of the varieties, but also achieve the effect of viewing flowers and increase the yield of lotus roots.
Seed propagation
1. Select species. The longevity of lotus seeds is long, and the seeds of hundreds of years and thousands of years can germinate. The germination power of lotus seeds is very strong. Sometimes, in order to speed up reproduction, in mid-July, when the seed coat of lotus seeds turns from blue to yellow-brown, they can be sowed immediately and they can also germinate. However, if it is sown after the following year, it must be waited until the seeds are fully mature and the seed coat is black and hardened before harvesting. The harvested seeds are allowed to dry and stored in a dry and ventilated place. Therefore, mature and plump seeds should be selected for breeding when selecting seeds.
2. Sow. Lotus seed sowing at a daily temperature of about 20 °C is more appropriate, Zi Lian is able to achieve the number of lotus seeds harvested that year, the general sowing period is in early April, Hualien sow in early April to mid-July, when the general can be flowering. From the end of July to the beginning of September, it can also be sown, but because of the lower temperature at the later stage, only plants can be formed and the purpose of flowering cannot be achieved.
3. Germination. The method of germination is to cut the hardened end of the lotus tail with a pair of scissors to cut the hard shell, so that the seed coat is exposed and the germ can not be injured. Put the broken lotus seeds into the germination pots and soak them in fresh water. The water depth is generally maintained at about 10 cm. The water is changed once a day. After 4-6 days, the germs can be revealed. During the summer high temperatures, sowing should be properly shaded, and the water change should be increased every morning and evening. At this time due to high temperatures. Lotus seeds can reveal germs in just 2 days.
4. Nursery. There are two main ways of raising seedlings, potted and seedbed. Pot culture is sparse pond mud in pots, basin soil accounts for 2/3 of pots. Seedling nursery, generally choose length and width 100 cm, height 25 cm seedbed. Add 15-20 centimeters of thin mud to the levelling, and finally the seeds of the buds will be arranged at an interval of 15 centimeters, then sowed in the mud, and kept 3-5 centimeters of water.
5. Transplanting. When the seedlings grow to 3-4 leaves, they can be transplanted. One planting seedling per pot should be planted along with transplanting and transplanted with soil to increase the survival rate. Field plantlets generally plant 700 seedlings per acre. After transplanting, they should promote the normal growth of seedlings. In the early stage, shallow water should be maintained, and the water level should be gradually increased according to the growth of seedlings.
Childbirth and reproduction
1. Kind of choice. The species must be robust, free from pests and diseases, and have complete pods of the apical buds, lateral buds and leaf buds. In practice, it should also be selected according to the requirements of viewing and production. In the lake pond, whether it is Hualien, Zilian or lotus, generally use the main lotus as a lotus seed. The Hualien and Zizi plants planted in the pots can basically be used as seedlings. As far as bowl lotus is concerned, even Sun Ye and even stems can be planted as a provenance.
2. Planting time. The lotus planting time is determined by the biological characteristics of the lotus flower, and it is carried out under the condition that the temperature is relatively stable and the earthworms begin to germinate. According to the characteristics of China's temperature, South China is generally conducted in mid-March, and East China and Yangtze River basins are suitable in the first half of April (before and after Qingming), while North China and Northeast China should be conducted from late April to early May.
3. Planting methods. Cylinders should be selected to contain basal fat such as chicken feathers and bean cakes. The well-mixed paste pond mud should be used for planting soil. The amount of mud should be 3/4 of the cylinder capacity. Each cylinder planted 1-2 species of earthworms. When planting, the squat should be buried down and buried in the soil. The stern should be exposed to the mud. In order to make the cylinders have sufficient light and easy to cultivate and manage, the distance between the cylinders is generally 80 centimeters, and the row spacing is 120 centimeters. The basin distance should also be maintained at about 40 cm. The cylinders are best placed in a north-south arrangement. The potted lotus should also be built with a height of 80 cm. In order to plant lotus trees in lotus gardens and lake ponds, planting ridges should be built in the planting area. The depth of earthworms is 60-100 centimeters away from the water, and the area is determined according to the planting scope. This avoids the mixture of varieties and facilitates the refurbishment of varieties of lotus flowers to ensure the normal growth of lotus flowers. The planting density of quail species in lake ponds and fields differs depending on the purpose and application of planting. Lotus does not need to observe flowers and results In order to achieve high yields, generally 500-600 strains per acre planted seedlings, and some production areas are even higher, the lotus need to reach more than enough lotus seeds, so the need for close planting to ensure that the flower Lian Peng adequate lighting conditions, generally planting 300-400 species of seedlings, Hualien to reach the mosaic landscape effect, 250 acres per acre generally required species.
4. Variety requirements. ZiLian generally chooses a variety of large, high-grained varieties, such as “Jianlianâ€, “Guangchanglianâ€, “Xianglian†and “Xuanlianâ€. In recent years, some of the new hybrid varieties that are selected for breeding are also ideal sub-lotus varieties, such as the “white flower†and “green lotus†in Hangzhou, “slow lotus†and “beauty red†in Jiangsu, and “ "In the snow," and so on, are high yield, good quality and excellent lotus varieties. Hualien should be planted in pots and small and medium-sized varieties should be selected, such as "Ruigui", "Snow White", "Pan Bowl" and "Table Lotus". Large lakes should be planted with a large variety of blooming flowers and flowers, such as "West Lake Red Lotus", "White Chiba", "Red Chiba", "Star" and so on.
Cultivation management
1. Cultivation environment. The lotus plant should be planted in a quiet place, and the lake pond should be deep in soil, with slow water flow, stable water level, and no serious pollution of water quality. The water depth should be within 150 cm. Lotus is a strong positive flower, so the plant must be kept in the light of more than 10 hours a day. In addition, lotus flowers are easily swallowed by grasses and other fish. Therefore, before the planting, harmful fish in the lake pond should be removed and enclosed with fences to prevent fish invasion.
2 timely watering. The water requirements of the lotus vary from one growth stage to the next. Generally, shallow water is needed in the early stage of growth, water in the middle period, and less water in the later period.
3. Reasonable fertilization. Cylinder pot planting lotus, generally use bean cake, chicken feathers, etc. as base fertilizer, production of basal fertilizer should be fully mixed with the chicken feathers and soil, the amount of soil and organic fertilizer is 2:1, the amount of basal fertilizer is 1/5 of the entire planting soil, the base fertilizer Put the bottom of the pot. In the flowering and growing stage of lotus flower, if the yellow color of the leaf is found, it is necessary to use the urea, compound fertilizer, etc. for top dressing, and also to spray with 20-60 ppm iron and manganese liquid, or 2 ppm for irrigation. Zi Lian generally uses 3,000 kg of organic fertilizer and P and K fertilizers per acre as a base fertilizer. The principle of top dressing is light application at the seedling stage, reapplied during the flower bud formation period, and diligent application during the flowering period. The specific time is: 30 seedlings per acre in early May. Kg phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, 10 kg urea; from mid-June to early August, the flowering period. In order to promote the blooming of lotus and improve the seed setting rate, top dressing should be applied every 20 days. Lotus uses 400 kilograms of organic fertilizer per acre and 100 kilograms of soybean cake as a base fertilizer. The first time the lotus fertilizer was applied in the first half of June, the vertical leaf fertilizer mainly consisted of urea, phosphorus and potash fertilizers; the second time in early July, 30 kg of urea and 50 kg of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were used to ensure the lotus root fertilizer. More knots, better knots, improve economic efficiency.
4. Weeding and weeding. Weeds are detrimental to the growth of the lotus, so they must be cleared in time. Herbicide should be sprayed once a month in the lotus cultivation garden to control weed growth. Weeds, sphagnum, and algae in the cylinders should be manually removed. The lotus and lotus plants grown in Tiantang are planted after 20 to 30 days after planting, that is, when the vertical leaves grow to 3-5, they should start tilling and weeding the soil surface to remove the weeds. Once every half month, the cultivation should be repeated 3 times. The underground stems can basically stop over Tiantang.
5. Disease prevention. During the entire growth of the lotus, it is important to prevent its pests and diseases. The main pests and diseases are: Spodoptera litura, aphids, scarabs, yellow moths, big moths, lotus brown spots, and lotus rot diseases.
Seed propagation
1. Select species. The longevity of lotus seeds is long, and the seeds of hundreds of years and thousands of years can germinate. The germination power of lotus seeds is very strong. Sometimes, in order to speed up reproduction, in mid-July, when the seed coat of lotus seeds turns from blue to yellow-brown, they can be sowed immediately and they can also germinate. However, if it is sown after the following year, it must be waited until the seeds are fully mature and the seed coat is black and hardened before harvesting. The harvested seeds are allowed to dry and stored in a dry and ventilated place. Therefore, mature and plump seeds should be selected for breeding when selecting seeds.
2. Sow. Lotus seed sowing at a daily temperature of about 20 °C is more appropriate, Zi Lian is able to achieve the number of lotus seeds harvested that year, the general sowing period is in early April, Hualien sow in early April to mid-July, when the general can be flowering. From the end of July to the beginning of September, it can also be sown, but because of the lower temperature at the later stage, only plants can be formed and the purpose of flowering cannot be achieved.
3. Germination. The method of germination is to cut the hardened end of the lotus tail with a pair of scissors to cut the hard shell, so that the seed coat is exposed and the germ can not be injured. Put the broken lotus seeds into the germination pots and soak them in fresh water. The water depth is generally maintained at about 10 cm. The water is changed once a day. After 4-6 days, the germs can be revealed. During the summer high temperatures, sowing should be properly shaded, and the water change should be increased every morning and evening. At this time due to high temperatures. Lotus seeds can reveal germs in just 2 days.
4. Nursery. There are two main ways of raising seedlings, potted and seedbed. Pot culture is sparse pond mud in pots, basin soil accounts for 2/3 of pots. Seedling nursery, generally choose length and width 100 cm, height 25 cm seedbed. Add 15-20 centimeters of thin mud to the levelling, and finally the seeds of the buds will be arranged at an interval of 15 centimeters, then sowed in the mud, and kept 3-5 centimeters of water.
5. Transplanting. When the seedlings grow to 3-4 leaves, they can be transplanted. One planting seedling per pot should be planted along with transplanting and transplanted with soil to increase the survival rate. Field plantlets generally plant 700 seedlings per acre. After transplanting, they should promote the normal growth of seedlings. In the early stage, shallow water should be maintained, and the water level should be gradually increased according to the growth of seedlings.
Childbirth and reproduction
1. Kind of choice. The species must be robust, free from pests and diseases, and have complete pods of the apical buds, lateral buds and leaf buds. In practice, it should also be selected according to the requirements of viewing and production. In the lake pond, whether it is Hualien, Zilian or lotus, generally use the main lotus as a lotus seed. The Hualien and Zizi plants planted in the pots can basically be used as seedlings. As far as bowl lotus is concerned, even Sun Ye and even stems can be planted as a provenance.
2. Planting time. The lotus planting time is determined by the biological characteristics of the lotus flower, and it is carried out under the condition that the temperature is relatively stable and the earthworms begin to germinate. According to the characteristics of China's temperature, South China is generally conducted in mid-March, and East China and Yangtze River basins are suitable in the first half of April (before and after Qingming), while North China and Northeast China should be conducted from late April to early May.
3. Planting methods. Cylinders should be selected to contain basal fat such as chicken feathers and bean cakes. The well-mixed paste pond mud should be used for planting soil. The amount of mud should be 3/4 of the cylinder capacity. Each cylinder planted 1-2 species of earthworms. When planting, the squat should be buried down and buried in the soil. The stern should be exposed to the mud. In order to make the cylinders have sufficient light and easy to cultivate and manage, the distance between the cylinders is generally 80 centimeters, and the row spacing is 120 centimeters. The basin distance should also be maintained at about 40 cm. The cylinders are best placed in a north-south arrangement. The potted lotus should also be built with a height of 80 cm. In order to plant lotus trees in lotus gardens and lake ponds, planting ridges should be built in the planting area. The depth of earthworms is 60-100 centimeters away from the water, and the area is determined according to the planting scope. This avoids the mixture of varieties and facilitates the refurbishment of varieties of lotus flowers to ensure the normal growth of lotus flowers. The planting density of quail species in lake ponds and fields differs depending on the purpose and application of planting. Lotus does not need to observe flowers and results In order to achieve high yields, generally 500-600 strains per acre planted seedlings, and some production areas are even higher, the lotus need to reach more than enough lotus seeds, so the need for close planting to ensure that the flower Lian Peng adequate lighting conditions, generally planting 300-400 species of seedlings, Hualien to reach the mosaic landscape effect, 250 acres per acre generally required species.
4. Variety requirements. ZiLian generally chooses a variety of large, high-grained varieties, such as “Jianlianâ€, “Guangchanglianâ€, “Xianglian†and “Xuanlianâ€. In recent years, some of the new hybrid varieties that are selected for breeding are also ideal sub-lotus varieties, such as the “white flower†and “green lotus†in Hangzhou, “slow lotus†and “beauty red†in Jiangsu, and “ "In the snow," and so on, are high yield, good quality and excellent lotus varieties. Hualien should be planted in pots and small and medium-sized varieties should be selected, such as "Ruigui", "Snow White", "Pan Bowl" and "Table Lotus". Large lakes should be planted with a large variety of blooming flowers and flowers, such as "West Lake Red Lotus", "White Chiba", "Red Chiba", "Star" and so on.
Cultivation management
1. Cultivation environment. The lotus plant should be planted in a quiet place, and the lake pond should be deep in soil, with slow water flow, stable water level, and no serious pollution of water quality. The water depth should be within 150 cm. Lotus is a strong positive flower, so the plant must be kept in the light of more than 10 hours a day. In addition, lotus flowers are easily swallowed by grasses and other fish. Therefore, before the planting, harmful fish in the lake pond should be removed and enclosed with fences to prevent fish invasion.
2 timely watering. The water requirements of the lotus vary from one growth stage to the next. Generally, shallow water is needed in the early stage of growth, water in the middle period, and less water in the later period.
3. Reasonable fertilization. Cylinder pot planting lotus, generally use bean cake, chicken feathers, etc. as base fertilizer, production of basal fertilizer should be fully mixed with the chicken feathers and soil, the amount of soil and organic fertilizer is 2:1, the amount of basal fertilizer is 1/5 of the entire planting soil, the base fertilizer Put the bottom of the pot. In the flowering and growing stage of lotus flower, if the yellow color of the leaf is found, it is necessary to use the urea, compound fertilizer, etc. for top dressing, and also to spray with 20-60 ppm iron and manganese liquid, or 2 ppm for irrigation. Zi Lian generally uses 3,000 kg of organic fertilizer and P and K fertilizers per acre as a base fertilizer. The principle of top dressing is light application at the seedling stage, reapplied during the flower bud formation period, and diligent application during the flowering period. The specific time is: 30 seedlings per acre in early May. Kg phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, 10 kg urea; from mid-June to early August, the flowering period. In order to promote the blooming of lotus and improve the seed setting rate, top dressing should be applied every 20 days. Lotus uses 400 kilograms of organic fertilizer per acre and 100 kilograms of soybean cake as a base fertilizer. The first time the lotus fertilizer was applied in the first half of June, the vertical leaf fertilizer mainly consisted of urea, phosphorus and potash fertilizers; the second time in early July, 30 kg of urea and 50 kg of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were used to ensure the lotus root fertilizer. More knots, better knots, improve economic efficiency.
4. Weeding and weeding. Weeds are detrimental to the growth of the lotus, so they must be cleared in time. Herbicide should be sprayed once a month in the lotus cultivation garden to control weed growth. Weeds, sphagnum, and algae in the cylinders should be manually removed. The lotus and lotus plants grown in Tiantang are planted after 20 to 30 days after planting, that is, when the vertical leaves grow to 3-5, they should start tilling and weeding the soil surface to remove the weeds. Once every half month, the cultivation should be repeated 3 times. The underground stems can basically stop over Tiantang.
5. Disease prevention. During the entire growth of the lotus, it is important to prevent its pests and diseases. The main pests and diseases are: Spodoptera litura, aphids, scarabs, yellow moths, big moths, lotus brown spots, and lotus rot diseases.
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