Mushroom treasures - brown mushroom, also known as xiangkou mushroom, its large handle thick, fungus meat hypertrophy, taste more delicate than white mushrooms, delicious, more fragrant than mushrooms, taste, but also has a very high nutritional health care medical value. Now it has become a high-grade edible fungus that has become popular in Europe, America and the developed countries or regions of the world. It has formed a professional market for its mature mushroom-opening portabella and a special market for unopened young mushrooms. - Cremini. The product export market is vast and the cultivation prospects are very promising. The biological characteristics and high-yield cultivation techniques are briefly described below.
First, biological characteristics
1. Nutrition: The herbaceous straw can be decomposed and utilized as a nutrient carbon source. The best nitrogen source is livestock manure, ammonium sulfate and urea, and the optimum carbon to nitrogen ratio is 30:1.
2, temperature: mycelium growth temperature 14-35 °C, optimum temperature 20-30 °C; fruiting body temperature 16-32 °C, optimum temperature 18-28 °C, is a moderate temperature type strains.
3. Humidity: During the growth phase of mycelium, the moisture content of the medium is required to be 60% to 65%, and the relative humidity of the air is 70% to 75%. During the fruiting period, the relative humidity of the air is required to be 85% to 90%.
4, light: the growth phase of mycelium does not require light; mushroom bud differentiation and fruiting body development stage requires certain light, the optimal light intensity 200-800 lux.
5. Air: Fresh air is needed during mycelial growth and fruit body development. Especially during the growth of fruit bodies, if the ventilation is poor, it is easy to form malformed mushrooms.
6, pH: mycelium can grow within the pH range of 6-9, the optimal pH value of 6.5-7.5.
Second, high-yield cultivation techniques
1. Cultivation season: According to the mushroom mushrooming temperature range of 16-32 °C, sowing the mushroom 40-45 days after the beginning of mushroom biological characteristics, the general spring planting selection 3-4 months sowing, May-July fruiting; summer plant selection 6 - Seed sowing in July, mushrooming in August-October, local conditions should be combined with the best cultivation season.
2. Cultivation site: Daejeon is planted with brown mushrooms, and light and shade shelters must be built. The height of the shed is 2-2.2 meters. The roof and the surrounding area are covered with straw or shade nets. The trampoline in the shed is made into a turtle shape. The design width is 60-80 centimeters, the height is 10 centimeters, the length is not limited, the excavation outside the shed is gutter.
3, raw material formula: 1 rice straw 80%, lime 4%, 2.5% phosphate, gypsum 2%, compound fertilizer 1%, urea 0.5%. 2 Rice straw 60%, cow dung 30%, lime 4%, phosphate fertilizer 2.5%, gypsum 2%, compound fertilizer 1%, urea 0.5%. 3 Cottonseed corn stalk 45%, lime 4%, phosphate fertilizer 2.5%, gypsum 2%, compound fertilizer 1%, urea 0.5%. Generally 100 square meters of cultivated area is about 1500 kilograms of culture material.
4, pre-humidified building reactors: choose a good place for stockpiling, first on the ground piled a layer of pre-wetted rice straw, thickness 30-40 cm, sprinkle a layer of wet manure on rice straw, and then a heap The layer of rice straw is a layer of manure, so that the proportion of the manure is mixed evenly, so that it is stacked circularly until it is 1.5 meters high and 1.5-2 meters wide. The top of the pile is in a turtle shape and is surrounded by a vertical and rectangular rectangular material pile.
5. Turning fermentation: The first turning time is on the 7th day after the pile is built, ie when the temperature of the stockpile reaches 65-70°C, turning for 2 days starts, and appropriate amount of lime is added. The second turnover time is on the 6th day after the turning, that is, when the temperature of the material continues to rise to 70-75°C, it is maintained for 2-3 days. At the same time, auxiliary materials such as gypsum are added, followed by the third and fourth times. Turn over the time, the interval time is 5 days and 4 days respectively, and the total fermentation period is about 25 days. The standard of high-quality fermentation materials is loose and elastic, brownish, and shows a large number of actinomycetes, no ammonia odor, water content of 60% to 65%, and ph value of 6.5-7.5.
6, sowing management: the finished fermentation of good culture material evenly spread into the boring bed, material thickness of 8 cm or so, slightly compacted, wait until the material temperature drops below 35 °C when the beginning of the sowing, sowing by sowing or hole sowing method, each 100 square Rice seed dosage 100-150 bags. After the inoculation is completed, bamboo pieces are inserted into bows on both sides of the trampoline.
7. Cultivation of soil: Cover the trampoline membrane within 3 days of sowing. After 3 days, remove the membrane and ventilate 1-2 times each day for 20-30 minutes while maintaining the temperature of the trampoline at 15-34°C. If the surface of the culture is water-dried, lightly sprayed water can be used to maintain the humidity. Usually after 15-20 days of culture, when the mycelium spreads 2/3 of the whole culture, the soil can be covered. The soil should choose fertile paddy soil or alum, with a thickness of 3.5-4 cm.
8. Induced mushrooming: After 10-15 days of earth-covering, the mycelium develops more stout, and a small amount of climbing up the soil layer forms a mycelium. At this time, budding water should be sprayed to improve the humidity of the trampoline by 90%-95%. At the same time, the membranes at both ends are opened to increase ventilation and ventilation, to force the mycelium to fall down, and to accelerate the transition from the vegetative growth stage to the reproductive mushrooming stage. After 5-7 days of induction and bud management, when a large amount of white granular primordium was found in the soil layer, it was sprayed with a heavy water and the soil was moderately moist to maintain a large number of mushrooms.
9. Harvesting and Processing: Under suitable conditions of temperature and humidity, it usually takes 5 - 7 days from the formation of mushroom buds to maturity. When the cap is hemispherical and the body of the mushroom is compact, the membrane should be harvested when the membrane has not been expanded. The whole mushroom-growing period 5-6 tide mushroom, the total bioconversion rate reached 50%. At present, the brown mushrooms are mainly exported as dehydrated dried products. The drying method can be dried by a dehydrator, dried in a fire cage, and dried in the sun. Among them, the products dried by the dehydrator are light golden yellow, beautiful blossoming and rich in aroma, which meet the requirements of export standards.
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