Pesticides and fertilizers are used in combination to make full use of the efficacy of fertilizers. They can neither affect the physical and chemical properties of medicinal fertilizers nor produce harmful effects on crops.
In general, solid pesticides and fertilizers are directly mixed, and their requirements are not very strict, but liquid pesticides and ammonium formazan, and thiophanates, Jinggangmycin, Ye Yu San, and velocide are all not compatible with ammonium bicarbonate, ammonia, and ash. Lime nitrogen and other mixed use. Strong alkaline pesticides, such as lime sulfur, Bordeaux mixture, and rosin oil, cannot be mixed with calcium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium chloride. Arsenic-containing pesticides cannot be mixed with sodium and potassium salts. .
Mixed pesticides and pesticides are also prone to injury. With the use of surfactants, Tuzet WP and parathion-phosphorus emulsions are used together to change the adhesiveness and permeability of the pharmaceuticals and cause phytotoxicity to rice.
Dioscorenia and organophosphorus insecticides, fungicides, or carbamate killers are used in combination to cause phytotoxicity in rice because organophosphate or carbamate inhibits the action of amide hydrolase that decomposes propanil in rice. Propene or fenoxacin can not only be mixed with organic phosphorus and carbamate insecticides, but also can not be used before and after, otherwise it is easy to produce phytotoxicity to rice.
The use of a mixture of Captagon and Emulsion pesticides on citrus can increase the risk of injury.
The use of pesticides such as polydatin and emulsion pesticides on pear trees will increase phytotoxicity. It is also prone to phytotoxicity due to the use of a combination of manganese sulfoxide and similar drugs as well as zeocin or sorbenone on vegetables. Single-use drugs that are prone to phytotoxicity, if blended with emulsions, tend to increase the risk of injury. The combination of deltamethrin (enemycidal) and organophosphorus pesticides will increase the phytotoxicity to crops. Benzimidazoles cannot be mixed with copper-containing pesticides, otherwise they will cause phytotoxicity to crops. The mixture of Bordeaux mixture and lime sulfur is easy to produce phytotoxicity to the plants. The combination of organophosphorus pesticides and rosin mixture is easy to produce phytotoxicity to crops.
Ventilator block diagram
One. Main mechanical ventilation modes
(1) Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation (IPPV): positive pressure in the inspiratory phase and zero pressure in the expiratory phase. 1. Working principle: The ventilator generates positive pressure in the inspiratory phase and presses the gas into the lungs. After the pressure rises to a certain level or the inhaled volume reaches a certain level, the ventilator stops supplying air, the exhalation valve opens, and the patient's thorax Passive collapse of the lungs and exhalation. 2. Clinical application: Various patients with respiratory failure mainly based on ventilation function, such as COPD.
(2) Intermittent positive and negative pressure ventilation (IPNPV): the inspiratory phase is positive pressure and the expiratory phase is negative pressure. 1. How it works: The ventilator works both in the inspiratory and exhaled phases. 2. Clinical application: Expiratory negative pressure can cause alveolar collapse and cause iatrogenic atelectasis.
(3) Continuous positive pressure airway ventilation (CPAP): Refers to the patient's spontaneous breathing and artificial positive airway pressure during the entire respiratory cycle. 1. Working principle: Inspiratory phase gives continuous positive pressure air flow, and exhalation phase also gives a certain resistance, so that the airway pressure of inhalation and exhalation phases are higher than atmospheric pressure. 2. Advantages: The continuous positive pressure airflow during inhalation is greater than the inspiratory airflow, which saves the patient's inhalation effort, increases FRC, and prevents the collapse of the airway and alveoli. Can be used for exercise before going offline. 3. Disadvantages: great interference to circulation, large pressure injury of lung tissue.
(4) Intermittent command ventilation and synchronized intermittent command ventilation (IMV / SIMV) IMV: There is no synchronization device, the ventilator air supply does not require the patient's spontaneous breathing trigger, and the time of each air supply in the breathing cycle is not constant. 2. SIMV: There is a synchronization device. The ventilator gives the patient a commanded breath according to the pre-designed breathing parameters every minute. The patient can breathe spontaneously without being affected by the ventilator. 3. Advantages: It exerts its ability to regulate breathing while offline; it has less influence on circulation and lungs than IPPV; it reduces the use of shock medicine to a certain extent. 4. Application: It is generally considered to be used when off-line. When R <5 times / min, it still maintains a good oxygenation state. You can consider off-line. Generally, PSV is added to avoid respiratory muscle fatigue.
(5) Mandatory ventilation per minute (MMV) When spontaneous breathing> preset minute ventilation, the ventilator does not command ventilation, but only provides a continuous positive pressure. 2. When spontaneous breathing is less than the preset minute ventilation volume, the ventilator performs command ventilation to increase the minute ventilation volume to reach the preset level.
(6) Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV) Definition: Under the prerequisite of spontaneous breathing, each inhalation receives a certain level of pressure support, increasing the patient's inhalation depth and inhalation volume. 2. How it works: The inspiratory pressure begins with the patient's inspiratory action, and ends when the inspiratory flow rate decreases to a certain level or the patient attempts to exhale hard. Compared with IPPV, the pressure it supports is constant, and it is adjusted by the feedback of the inspiratory flow rate. Compared with SIMV, it can get pressure support for each inhalation, but the level of support can be set according to different needs. 3. Application: SIMV + PSV: used for preparation before off-line, can reduce breathing work and oxygen consumption Indications: Exercise the ventilator; prepare before going offline; the ventilator is weak due to various reasons; severe flail chest causes abnormal breathing. 5. Note: Generally not used alone, it will produce insufficient or excessive ventilation.
(7) Volume Supported Ventilation (VSV): Each breath is triggered by the patient's spontaneous breathing. The patient can also breathe without any support and can reach the expected TV and MV levels. The ventilator will allow the patient to be truly autonomous Breathing also applies to preparations before going offline.
(8) Capacity control of pressure regulation
(IX) Biphasic or bilevel positive pressure ventilation How it works: P1 is equivalent to inspiratory pressure, P2 is equivalent to breathing pressure, T1 is equivalent to inspiratory time, and T2 is equivalent to exhalation time. 2. Clinical application: (1) When P1 = inspiratory pressure, T1 = inspiratory time, P2 = 0 or PEEP, T2 = expiratory time, which is equivalent to IPPV. (2) When P1 = PEEP, T1 = infinity, P2 = 0, T2 = O, which is equivalent to CPAP. (3) When P1 = inspiratory pressure, T1 = inspiratory time, P2-0 or PEEP, T2 = desired controlled inhalation cycle, equivalent to SIMV.
Medical Positive Pressure Breathing Machine
Positive Pressure Breathing Machine,Continuous Positive Pressure Ventilation,Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation,Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing Machine
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