It is believed that the normal level of undesirable gas in the farm does not harm animals and staff (assuming good ventilation). In the same way, such bad gases do not have any physical harm to humans or animals in the surrounding environment of the farm. However, there are many reports that animals and workers in the housing environment may develop diseases when the management measures are poor. Even death. The following is introduced in four aspects.
First, the generation and identification of bad gas
Poor gas produced in livestock and poultry manure is the product of anaerobic bacterial fermentation. There is a very low concentration of amines in the gas emitted from the pig manure. Up to now, scholars have identified more than 160 specific gaseous substances in livestock manure. These substances are intermediates or end products that produce biochemical reactions. These substances include a variety of volatile organic acids and alcohols. Aldehydes, non-flowing gases, esters, amines, sulfides, mercaptans, and nitrogen-containing heterocyclics.
The suspended particles in and around the stable have a close relationship with the bad gas in the barn. The bad gas in the pig house is related to the dust in the house. Removal of dust from the air can drastically reduce undesirable gas in the poultry house, but the odor of ammonia remains. The gas in the finisher and septic tanks is to a large extent carried by suspended particles.
It is unlikely that bad gas will be carried by dust or suspended particles. However, bad gas molecules, such as amines and many nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, are usually positively charged, while dust particles are usually negatively charged, which has a strong affinity between the two, so the two are likely to be co-diffused.
Second, the control of bad gas
For example, the purpose of controlling the fecal odor can be achieved by preventing the generation of fecal odor or preventing the emission of fecal odor. Obviously, it is more desirable to prevent odor from being produced.
Fecal odor is the result of anaerobic fermentation. Therefore, to reduce the generation of fecal odors, it is necessary to create conditions that are detrimental to the activities of anaerobic bacteria. Decreasing the moisture content of the feces; reducing the temperature, changing the pH value, reducing the time factor, applying the bactericide, and excluding the anaerobic environment are effective.
Poor gas control can be performed at any stage and at any time during the raising of livestock and poultry. The site selection for the farm is one of the early decisions to control the bad gas solution.
The proper design and management of farms can greatly reduce the generation and distribution of harmful gases. The use of a practical manure management solution and the selection and management of the manure application point on the farmland are important ways of controlling odor emission.
Third, the measurement of bad gas
In this regard, livestock and poultry husbandry and the legislative branch have little to do because there is currently a lack of practical technologies for detection of undesirable gases, both qualitative and quantitative. The detection and measurement of bad gases often rely on wet chemistry, gas chromatography, and sniffing.
Fourth, bad gas source
Poor gases in livestock production, especially odors, are often caused by improper management of the waste. The source of the gas may be the farm itself or the fields and forests where manure is applied. There are also two sources of non-faecal odors in the middle of the farm, namely feed (especially wasted, fermented and deteriorated feed) and dead animals. Any surface covered with excrement is a major source of odors. The larger the surface, the stronger the odor.
Septic tank area is often several acres, which is another source of odor. However, experience has shown that if a well-designed and well-managed lagoon results in both anaerobic fermentation and aerobic fermentation, its odor production is often lower than the odor production of the farm itself.
The air around the pig house also contains undesirable gases and suspended dust particles discharged from the ventilation system of the pig house. Poor gas emissions from piggery mainly come from the anaerobic decomposition of protein-containing waste (including pig manure, urine, skin, wool, feed, and litter). Therefore, these bad gases are composed of a large amount of volatile organic compounds.
The main gases emitted in piggery are ammonia, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide and methane. Airborne particulates include organic dust, gases and endotoxins. These are produced from feedstuffs, pigs, pig manure and building materials. The concentration of undesirable gases and airborne particles within the chamber is much higher than that outside the chamber.
Poor gas concentrations in the vicinity of the pig house and manure treatment facilities are often high, but this can generally be corrected, and the concentration decreases as the distance from the downwind increases. However, some unclear mechanisms (including weather conditions and changes in the composition of undesirable gas substances) often play a role here.
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