This year, the early summer corn growth in our province (from June to July) is high temperature and drought. In the late growth period (August and September), most regions have continuous rain and rain, and they suffer from low-temperature, high-humidity, and low-light conditions, and weather conditions have occurred in some regions. In addition, these conditions that are unfavorable to the growth and development of corn greatly reduce the stress resistance of maize and provide for the infection of ear rot and grain rot of some corn varieties, especially some corn varieties. Conditions. This year, the planting area of ​​summer corn in our province is about 40 million mu. Maize ear rot and grain rot occur in some areas in varying degrees. In particular, some local lands in the maize growing areas in the south-central part of our province are seriously affected. However, prevention and control measures can no longer be taken this year. In order to allow some seed departments and farmers in the grassroots to understand these diseases, the recognition and prevention and control techniques for corn ear rot and grain rot are introduced as follows in order to allow grass-roots technicians and farmers to recognize the disease and be able to do preventive work in the coming year.
I. Symptoms of corn ear rot and grain rot Identifies corn ear rot and grain rot as diseases caused by various pathogens, mainly including Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium moniliforme, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Pink trichothea It is caused by the infestation of nearly 20 molds (fungi) and bacteria, among which Aspergillus flavus not only damages corn and other foods, but also produces aflatoxin, a toxic metabolite of humans and animals. Due to the different pathogens, their symptoms are different. The main manifestations are damage to the ears and grains. The whole or partial or individual grains rot. The top or middle part of the damaged ear discolors, and the fungus appears pink, blue-green, dark gray or dark brown and yellow. The brown mold layer and the like, and the leaves of the ear disease department are often penetrated by dense mycelium, and sticking together and sticking on the ear is not easy to peel off. Bacterial ear rot disease may have irregular water-soaked lesions on the outer temporal lobe at the initial stage, and finally it is a gray-black mold layer. The temporal lobe kernels are rotted and the grain is milky to brown, with wet rot, and the spikes and cobs Loose organizations, visible bacteria pus overflow.
Second, the incidence of conditions and the main rules
1. The source of bacteria. The pathogenic bacteria in the seeds, diseased bodies, and uncontaminated manure are the source of early infection.
2. Infection. Pathogens mainly invade wounds, including wounds caused by natural factors such as insect damage, corn growth, and wind and rain.
3. Climatic conditions. Temperature of 15 °C ~ 28 °C, relative humidity of more than 75%, is conducive to bacterial infection and epidemic. High temperature and rainy weather, low temperature and heavy rain in the late growth period, and heavy emphasis on corn pests all contribute to the occurrence of ear rot and grain rot.
4. Field communication. The germs are mainly spread by wind and rain, especially in the late growth period when they encounter stormy weather and even cause lodging.
5. Cultivation management. (1) Planted dense, closed field, poor ventilation and light transmission or weak maize growth; (2) partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and organic fertilizer is insufficient, plant growth is too prosperous, disease resistance is reduced; (3) heavy pests occur (4) There is a significant difference in disease resistance and disease tolerance among maize cultivars. In particular, some maize cultivars suffer from adverse weather conditions during grain filling and are prone to micro-injury and morbidity or severe disease.
III. Comprehensive Prevention and Control Techniques Maize ear rot and grain rot mainly cause kernel damage after the onset of corn filling, and it is difficult to control and control operations. It is necessary to implement the strategy of prevention-oriented and comprehensive prevention and control.
1. Agricultural control. In the autumn, deep-throttle soil, especially corn stalks, must be deep-turned after the soil is returned to the field to remove the diseased tissues in the field and use the decomposed manure to reduce the source of infection.
2. Use resistant varieties. According to local production actual and disease conditions, choose to promote
I. Symptoms of corn ear rot and grain rot Identifies corn ear rot and grain rot as diseases caused by various pathogens, mainly including Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium moniliforme, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Pink trichothea It is caused by the infestation of nearly 20 molds (fungi) and bacteria, among which Aspergillus flavus not only damages corn and other foods, but also produces aflatoxin, a toxic metabolite of humans and animals. Due to the different pathogens, their symptoms are different. The main manifestations are damage to the ears and grains. The whole or partial or individual grains rot. The top or middle part of the damaged ear discolors, and the fungus appears pink, blue-green, dark gray or dark brown and yellow. The brown mold layer and the like, and the leaves of the ear disease department are often penetrated by dense mycelium, and sticking together and sticking on the ear is not easy to peel off. Bacterial ear rot disease may have irregular water-soaked lesions on the outer temporal lobe at the initial stage, and finally it is a gray-black mold layer. The temporal lobe kernels are rotted and the grain is milky to brown, with wet rot, and the spikes and cobs Loose organizations, visible bacteria pus overflow.
Second, the incidence of conditions and the main rules
1. The source of bacteria. The pathogenic bacteria in the seeds, diseased bodies, and uncontaminated manure are the source of early infection.
2. Infection. Pathogens mainly invade wounds, including wounds caused by natural factors such as insect damage, corn growth, and wind and rain.
3. Climatic conditions. Temperature of 15 °C ~ 28 °C, relative humidity of more than 75%, is conducive to bacterial infection and epidemic. High temperature and rainy weather, low temperature and heavy rain in the late growth period, and heavy emphasis on corn pests all contribute to the occurrence of ear rot and grain rot.
4. Field communication. The germs are mainly spread by wind and rain, especially in the late growth period when they encounter stormy weather and even cause lodging.
5. Cultivation management. (1) Planted dense, closed field, poor ventilation and light transmission or weak maize growth; (2) partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and organic fertilizer is insufficient, plant growth is too prosperous, disease resistance is reduced; (3) heavy pests occur (4) There is a significant difference in disease resistance and disease tolerance among maize cultivars. In particular, some maize cultivars suffer from adverse weather conditions during grain filling and are prone to micro-injury and morbidity or severe disease.
III. Comprehensive Prevention and Control Techniques Maize ear rot and grain rot mainly cause kernel damage after the onset of corn filling, and it is difficult to control and control operations. It is necessary to implement the strategy of prevention-oriented and comprehensive prevention and control.
1. Agricultural control. In the autumn, deep-throttle soil, especially corn stalks, must be deep-turned after the soil is returned to the field to remove the diseased tissues in the field and use the decomposed manure to reduce the source of infection.
2. Use resistant varieties. According to local production actual and disease conditions, choose to promote
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