Watching the breeding technology of rare birds and black swan

The black swan, native to Australia, is a remarkable member of the swan family and is widely recognized as a symbol of elegance and beauty. This large waterbird has a predominantly white body, with dark feathers on the back and wings, and striking red plumage on its neck. Its long, S-shaped neck, bright red eyes, and distinctive V-shaped white markings on the face make it one of the most visually stunning birds in the world. Weighing between 4 to 7 kilograms, the black swan is known for its gentle and calm temperament, making it an easy species to raise. In China, black swans can breed twice a year during spring and autumn. With artificial stimulation, they can lay up to 30 eggs per season, producing 4 to 5 clutches. Their feeding habits are simple, and they have strong disease resistance, making them efficient for commercial breeding. For optimal breeding conditions, feeding areas should be located away from residential zones to minimize disturbances. In free-range systems, each 100 square meters of water can support one pair of black swans. Ponds should be planted with aquatic plants and surrounded by grassy areas for grazing. Shade trees can also be added to keep the environment comfortable in summer. A 1.5-meter fence or mesh is essential to prevent predators from entering. Regular disinfection using lime powder or bleaching powder (about 50 kg per mu) helps maintain hygiene. To prevent flight, their primary feathers can be trimmed once a year after molting, typically cutting 5-6 feathers. Caged breeding requires a space of about 30 square meters, with 10 square meters allocated for a shallow pool (60 cm deep). Each enclosure should house only one pair of swans, with clean water changed regularly. Feeding standards vary depending on the stage of development. Breeding swans require a diet of commercial layer feed supplemented with green fodder. During the breeding period, fishmeal and shell powder are added to meet nutritional needs. Goslings need a higher-protein diet, while young swans transition to a mix of pellets and fresh vegetation. Pairing usually begins at 18 months of age. If natural pairing fails, artificial methods can be used, such as placing unpaired birds in adjacent cages to encourage bonding. Once paired, they are moved to the breeding area. During the breeding season, nests made of dry grass and straw should be provided. Natural hatching is preferred, with nest shelters built to protect against rain. For artificial incubation, eggs can be replaced with dummy eggs to encourage more laying. Incubation temperature varies: 38°C for the first 15 days, 37.5°C for the next 16 days, and 36.8°C for the final 2 days. Wetting the eggs daily after day 25 improves hatchability. After hatching, goslings should be kept warm, gradually reducing the temperature over time. Vaccinations and proper feeding are crucial in the early stages. Sanitation and regular disinfection help prevent diseases like goose plague, E. coli, and fowl cholera. Routine health checks and timely treatment are essential for maintaining a healthy flock.

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