Antibiotics can't be used casually. What can we use?

Antibiotics can't be used casually. What can we use?

May 18, 2016 Source: Bio Valley

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Many studies have shown that antibiotics are a double-edged sword: both killing harmful bacteria that cause infection, depleting our gut flora, damaging the immune system, and making us more vulnerable to superbug infections. In the previous reports of this site, there have been studies on the use of antibiotics.
In a new study published in the international academic journal Cell Host & Microbe, researchers from the University of California, Davis, used mice as a model to discover a series of changes in the intestine after antibiotic treatment. The momentum of the germs has been further expanded. According to the author of the article, the whole process begins with antibiotics killing "good" bacteria in the intestines, including bacteria that break down plant fibers to produce butyric acid, an important organic acid in the intestine that acts as a gut wall cell. The source of energy helps absorb moisture. The reduced ability to metabolize plant fibers reduces the consumption of oxygen by intestinal wall cells, leading to an increase in the concentration of oxygen in the intestinal tract, which promotes the growth of Salmonella.
In another study published in the international academic journal BMJ in March this year, the researchers found that the incidence of antibiotic resistance in children with urinary tract infections is increasing, and this may lead to many first-line therapies. The antibiotics in the system do not work effectively. The investigators reviewed 58 observational studies involving 77,000 E. coli samples in 26 countries. Although these studies did not tell us the causes and effects of individual drug resistance, a comprehensive analysis of a large number of observational data may be It can help us find out the truth. The results of the study showed that antibiotic resistance in children with urinary tract infections caused by E. coli showed a high prevalence, many of which were caused by early frequent use of antibiotics.
 
In a review article published on May 10th in the international academic journal Trends in Molecular Medicine, the authors summarize our experiences and lessons learned in the use of antibiotics to find prevention and compensation for antibiotics on the intestines. New methods of harmful effects caused by probiotics have important implications.
 
Key point 1: Antibiotics destroy the connection between the intestinal flora and the immune system, creating an environment conducive to bacterial infection.
 
Over the past decade, researchers have established a consensus that beneficial symbiotic bacteria distributed along the small intestine can stabilize the host's immune system by molecular dialogue with immune cells. The addition of antibiotics causes many signals from intestinal bacteria to be lost, resulting in temporary disturbances in immune cell function.
 
If a flora disorder occurs early in human life, it may lead to autoimmune diseases and the emergence of some metabolic diseases, such as asthma and weight gain, and may continue into adulthood.
 
Point 2: The use of antibiotics will exert a selective pressure on bacteria to promote antibiotic resistance.
 
In the natural state, antibiotic resistance genes may exist in the bacterial community from permafrost to the human intestine. Antibiotics kill a population of bacteria that do not have a resistance gene, while surviving resistant bacteria continue to multiply and may transfer resistance genes to other bacterial populations.
Recent studies have shown that as humans age and are exposed to more and more antibiotics, the pool of antibiotic resistance genes in the in vivo microbial group expands. One of the studies showed that 40% of bacteria in humans and animals carry resistance genes against a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
Point 3: Antibiotics are not the only treatment, and the development of specific treatment strategies for infectious bacteria is still at an early stage of development.
Future developments in new ways to treat bacterial infections may complement the current use of antibiotics or provide more specific targeted alternative strategies. One of the complementary treatments is to promote the synthesis of antibacterial factors by immune cells. After antibiotic treatment to remove bacteria, injection of immunostimulatory molecules, evoke immune cells to produce a response, this method has been proven to successfully protect mice from harmful bacteria. Colonization in the small intestine.
 
 
The article also mentions other alternatives to broad-spectrum antibiotics:
  • Inhibin is a protein synthesized by bacteria that kills competing bacteria. The use of prebiotics or engineered bacteria that express prebiotics can selectively kill pathogens without affecting the intestinal probiotics.
  • The CRISPR-CAS9 gene editing technology can be used to excise antibiotic resistance genes from infectious bacteria. This approach has been shown to be effective in targeting specific bacteria, leading to the inability of antibiotic resistance to develop further.
  • Fecal transplants can also help build beneficial intestinal flora, produce mucus, secrete antimicrobial peptides, and provide colonized bacteria that fight pathogens.
These methods are currently in different stages of clinical development, and researchers are closely watching how well these methods work.

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