Organic chestnuts have higher requirements for environmental factors such as the atmosphere and water quality. They also have stricter management requirements. Their cultivation techniques mainly include the following aspects:
First, build a park
1. Selection of land. Should choose the gradient below 30 degrees, soil pH value of 5.5 to 7.0, groundwater level of 1 meter or less, sandy soil or sandy loam soil on the sunny slope, semi-sunny slopes, hills or floodplain flatland.
2. Site preparation.
Leveling ground: suitable for 10 to 20 degrees hilly mountains. In the rainy season of the year before the tree planting, according to the designed spacing, the mountains were piled up to form a road and earthwork. The height was 30 cm and the width was 60-80 cm. The soil below the soil was not moved to protect the soil. Loss, overflow ports at both ends of the level.
Point preparation: Suitable for slopes below 10 degrees or flat ground. The length, breadth and depth are 50 to 60 cm, 50 to 60 cm, and 50 to 60 cm.
Fish scale pit preparation: suitable for slopes above 20 degrees. The length, breadth and depth are 50 cm, 40 cm, and 30 cm.
3. Site preparation requirements. The first is to reverse the slope, outside the mouth water pocket. The second is to be level, can not be uneven, continuous rainfall of 100 mm, can not have ramming the dam Chongmiao phenomenon.
Second, planting
1. Choose seedlings. Select healthy seedlings with 1 to 2 years of age, diameter of 0.8 cm or more, no pests and diseases, large mechanical damage, uniform size, and main lateral root length of 20 cm or more.
2. Colonization. The initial planting density of plant spacing is 23 meters, 111 plants per acre, and later with the expansion of the tree crown and canopy closure, gradually strains to strains, interline to go.
3. Planting time. Before and after the small snowfall in autumn and winter, the soil is frozen (before the beginning of November to the end of November) or before the clearing of spring and after the soil is thawed (from March 15 to early April).
4. Planting methods. Before planting the tree, use pruning shears to repair the roots of the seedlings and cut the smashed, stale wounds. Buried in the sub-root (the fork stock) pouring large water to the pit full, the water infiltration after the strict stepping on the solid, with an adult single hand can not pull out the seedling for the degree. The thickness of the annual seedlings is more than 10 cm from the original soil of the seedlings, and the seedlings in the second year are more than 20 cm from the original soil. Trees are planted in autumn and winter. Seedlings should not be exposed at night to prevent bare roots from freezing. After planting seedlings to overwhelm the cold, all buried in the soil, avoid earthworms buried part, to prevent the emergence of part of the dead seedlings. Planting in spring should be covered with plastic film to increase temperature and moisture, promote seedling growth and development, and increase survival rate.
Third, grafting
1. Variety selection. The varieties that are obviously resistant to chestnut diseases and insect pests should be selected, such as the short twig of Yanshan as the main cultivar, and the Yanming cultivar of pollination, the appropriate ratio is 8 to 10:1.
2. Scion selection and storage. The scions should be selected from 0.3-0.8 cm in diameter, robust and free from pests and diseases. During the winter (dormant period), the pits in the pits are harvested to keep the scion fresh and dormant.
3. Grafting. Grafting is carried out from the middle of April to the middle of May in the second or third year of colonization, and the high tree connection can be continued until late May.
4. Grafting method. It is advisable to connect the skin under the skin. Cut the rootstock 10 to 20 cm away from the ground, and cut it out with a knife. Scion at the lower end of a 3 to 4 cm horse-shaped inclined surface, the back of the left middle and right anti-cut three knife sword head-shaped small bevel, 0.2 to 0.3 cm long, the corresponding part of the small surface and the big face with a knife gently cut off the epidermis The green tender skin is exposed, and the scion is cut and then plugged into the mouth to be inserted. There are 3 to 5 buds on the scion, and it should not be too long. Cut the flattened root stocks with a grafting knife and cut them deep into the xylem. Gently pry open the cortex, and then insert the cut scion. The large oblique side is in close contact with the xylem, and the slanted surface is 0.2-0.3 cm white. 2 to 3 cm in diameter of the rootstock can be inserted 2 to 3 scion, high access to the big tree scion can also insert more. It is tightly tied with a plastic strip that is 3 centimeters wide and stretches. It is wrapped around the rootstock section and is 3 to 5 centimeters above the barrel. The empty cylinder is filled with a handful of soil and compacted by hand. The soil thickness in the cylinder is 2 to 3 centimeters. should. In order to prevent insects from being moisturized, plastic bags can also be put on, and the lower mouth tied tight with a string. The scion buds will sprout and spread the leaves in time.
5. After the management. After the scion survives, the sprout on the rootstock under the interface should be promptly removed. When the scion shoots grow to 30-40 cm, the heart is picked up in time to leave 6-8 leaves on the second shoot for two or more times. About two months later, depending on the growth, untie the plastic strip loose and then wrap it around the joint to protect the scion.
Fourth, pruning
1. Tree shape. Using a low-dry dwarf crown fun shape, dry height 30 to 40 cm, crown height 2.5 to 4 meters, the main branch 2 to 3, up to no more than 4, the main branch base angle 50 to 60 degrees, each main branch can be Select to leave 1 to 2 collateral branches or directly produce the result branch group.
2. Take heart. After the grafting, the first and second summers are cut to focus on picking the heart. When the trunk or main branch extends the length of the branch to the target tree shape, it is picked up. When the other new shoots grow to 20 cm, the shoots are removed, and the second and third shoots are longer. At 20 to 30 centimeters, leave 6 to 8 leaves for the second and third topping, and stop topping in mid-August.
3. Stubble. When sprouts sprout, 4~5 large buds are reserved on the upper side of the strong branch, 1~3 large buds are left on the meandering branch, and the rest of the buds are erased. The principle of wiping the buds stays small, stays on, and stays dense. Stay thin and stay strong.
4. Winter trim. Moderately shortened or retracted main branch, lateral branches and other branches of the extension of the branch, due to species, tree potential, age, space to determine the degree of short cut. Space-free development branches are sparse, and there are space development branches that are short-branched and cultured into fruiting groups and sparsely cut as much as possible. If there are more mother branches on the same branch, the result will be short or heavy except for the strongest apex forces. Three to four strong branches occur side by side. The formation of three-strand forks and four-strands of forks is treated by sparse 1 cut 1 slow 1 or sparse 1 cut 1 slow 2 . Weeds, weeds, worms, overlaps, over-closed branches and chicken feet, fishbone yards, and some vigorously top branches. Retract long, weak results from branches to lower branches. The dense planting and fertility park results in 10 to 12 tree branches per square meter of projected tree branches, and 6 to 8 canopy projected areas in poor hilly and hilly sites.
V. Pest Control
Choose a species that is resistant to chestnut pests and diseases. In the early spring, the bark was scraped and burned. Before sprouting, the tree general spray 3 ~ 5 Baume degree lime sulfur agent. In severe cases when pests and diseases occur in a particular year, reference shall be made to the method recommended in GB/T 19630.1-2005 and the plant source, mineral source or microbial source plant protection product or preparation in Appendix B for prevention and control. Autumn leaves are collected in the late autumn and destroyed in a centralized manner to eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.
VI. Flowering Management
1. Spray boron. The flowering period of female flowers (mid-June) is 400 times borax before 10:00 am. After 7 days, the borax is sprayed again. It must be dissolved in boiling water to prevent recrystallization. Evenly spray on both sides of the female flower and leaves. Spray up in time.
2. Shuxiong. When the main planting male inflorescence grows to about 2 cm, it is removed, and 2 to 3 male inflorescences are left below the mixed inflorescence to satisfy pollination requirements. Mixed inflorescences are characterized by a slight purple top, and the lower male inflorescence is shorter than abruptly and must be retained. Do not sparge the pollination variety.
Seven, fertilizer and water management
1. Slip soil expansion base fertilizer. After the fruit is harvested, expand the hole and plan to shave from the direction of the lesser root of the canopy. Plane through the roots where there are more roots, draw the root system to a depth of 60 to 80 cm, and expand it one to two times a year. When backfilling, the basal fertilizer is first filled in the ditch, then the topsoil is filled and the raw soil is covered on the top. After deep-sweeping the holes, the water shall be soaked with water that meets the requirements of GB5084. Normally, the initial result of the tree is 25 to 70 kg of organic fertilizer, 80 to 150 kg of fruit, or 1 to 5 ratio of fruit to fat, or an appropriate amount of natural (or physical method, not added). Chemical synthesis materials obtained) Phosphate or potassium ore fertilizer and ring fertilizer, manure, human waste, compost, green manure, cake fertilizer and other delay farmyard manure.
2. Shaving tree press green manure. Spring, summer, and autumn shaver tree tray, spring shaver should be shallow does not hurt the root, autumn shaver should be deep, when the plan to shallow depth, the general depth of about 20 cm, summer planing tree plate combined pressure green manure, can press green manure per acre 500 ~ 2500 kg.
3. Watering. Depending on the drought conditions, it is generally advisable to use at least three times of water in spring, autumn and winter.
4. Boron applied to the soil. Before the soil is frozen in the late autumn and early winter or before the soil is thawed in the spring, 25 grams of borax is applied per square meter of the projected area of ​​the crown.
Eight, timely harvest
After ripe cracking of chestnut, collect natural fruit drop twice a day, morning and evening. In late September, the chestnuts changed from green to yellow, and 2/3 of the chestnuts were harvested when they were cracked.
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