Problems in Fertilization of Red Fuji Apple Trees

Fertilization is an important management content in the production of Red Fuji apple trees. There are many wrong practices in the practical application of the fruit farmers, which has a great impact on the quality and yield of the fruit. A summary of the problems existing in the fertilization of fruit growers is now provided, and some new points of view are proposed for the reference of the majority of farmers.

First, the period of fertilization is not scientific

Many fruit growers do not pay attention to autumn basal fertilizers, and they also pay little attention to fertilizer in stages, which directly affects the quality of fruit and yield. Autumn basal fertilization, first, fruit trees can absorb the fertilizer applied in reserve during the peak period of autumn root growth; second, the broken roots can heal in time, and have little effect on the tree vigor. The significance of applying fertilizer by stages is also very important. One-time fertilization will inevitably cause the waste of fertilizer and even result in the phenomenon of fertilizer damage. In general, during the fertilization period, it is necessary to pay attention to the autumn base fertilizer, 60% to 80% of the phosphate fertilizer should be applied in the form of basal fertilizer, with a small amount of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, 60% of the nitrogen fertilizer applied in the spring, and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the summer fruit expansion period and flower bud differentiation period should be appropriate. For N, P, and K fertilizers, most of the potash fertilizer should be applied 20 days before fruit enlargement and fruit coloring.

Second, the depth of fertilization is not scientific

1. Shallow application of organic fertilizer for consecutive years. In the production, many fruit growers are used to spread organic fertilizers in tree trays and use shallow shovels or small-scale agricultural machinery to turn them over. This method of fertilization enables organic roots to be absorbed within 20 cm, which is important for improving the yield and quality of fruits. significance. However, shallow application of organic fertilizers in successive years can easily lead to a rise in the root system. These floating root systems are extremely vulnerable to frost damage and drought damage. As a result, after the trees are damaged in the root system, they become extremely weak and difficult to recover, and some even become old. tree. Individual fruit growers even adopt fertilization methods that spread organic fertilizer on the surface of the tree plate, and the effect will be even worse. Not only will it not achieve the effect of fertilization, but it will also lead to a large loss of fertility. The improved method is: the combination of shallow application and deep application. After shallow application, it can also be combined with straw covering of tree trays.

2. The organic fertilizer is applied too deeply. Some fruit farmers were affected by the fertilization techniques of the original thin-fruit crown fruit trees. The application of organic fertilizer to 50 cm or less caused a large amount of organic matter to be wasted. Since most of the roots are concentrated at 20 to 50 cm from the ground, the depth of application of organic fertilizer should also be within this range in order to maximize the effectiveness of the fertilizer. When straw fertilizer is applied, it is better to carry out stacking fermentation in advance, and then mix it with topsoil and apply it. If it is too late to stack, it can be applied in layers. Sprinkle appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer on each layer.

3. Fertilizer application. Affected by the application of fertilizers to crops, many growers are accustomed to spreading nitrogenous fertilizers on the surface, and even salted fertilizers and fertilizers use salting. Although it is simple and easy to implement, it has more harm than good. First, the application of nitrogen fertilizer will cause a large amount of nitrogen volatilization; Second, after the application of a large number of fertilizers in the surface accumulation, easily absorbed by the grass, resulting in waste; Third, the application of ammonium bicarbonate fertilizer during young fruit, easy to make young fruit volatilized Ammonia damage caused by the formation of fruit rust; Fourth, phosphorus and fertilizer in the phosphorus is not easy to move, sprinkled on the surface is difficult to play a fertilizer effect. The improvement is: using multi-pit pits. The principle is to be applied within the soil, on the roots, the roots are not fat, fat is to find roots.

Third, fertilization method monotonous

The root system is a kind of three-dimensional structure and is limited to a fertilization method, which will make the root system of some parts not get enough nutrition. The alternate rotation or cooperation of several methods can meet the nutrient requirements of the root system to the greatest extent, thereby greatly increasing the yield and fruit quality. When saplings are planted, large pits are to be dug, and a sufficient amount of organic fertilizer is applied. Then, organic fertilizers are applied to expand the holes every autumn, until the entire garden is applied again, and then the facilities are applied again. There are several ways to rotate.

Fourth, the fertilizer is too concentrated

Fertilization sites are too concentrated and are common in production. Many saplings suffer from fertilizer damage, causing roots to die and dry trunks. After the adult tree has been damaged, it often causes local burnout and browning of roots, which can easily cause root rot and other root diseases. The correct method is: soluble fertilizers, such as nitrogen fertilizers, potash fertilizers, trace element fertilizers, etc., can be applied when applying a hole, each hole 50 to 100 grams, 10 to 15 cm deep. When applying phosphorus and other difficult-to-dissolve fertilizers, it is best to mix them with organic fertilizers before applying them, or to concentrate too much. When applying a hole, it is advisable to mix it with the soil, about 100 grams per hole, and the depth is 15 to 20 centimeters. About 30 cm between the hole.

Fifth, the amount of fertilizer is not scientific

Fertilization standards are difficult to unify everywhere, most of the fruit farmers only rely on experience and reference data to fertilize, often there are too many nitrogen fertilizers, resulting in tree growth, prosperous and difficult flowering; some excessive application of phosphate, resulting in symptoms of zinc deficiency; some potash fertilizer Too much, causing calcium deficiency and other physiological symptoms. Should abandon the original outdated fertilization standard, the amount of organic fertilizer applied per acre should be measured in cubic meters, do not use pounds or kilograms, organic fertilizer because of the different types, the difference between dry and wet, it is not good to use the weight to measure. The amount of chemical fertiliser should be determined according to the yield and quality. Nitrogen fertilizer should be used less in small years. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium should be balanced in big years. Consumption of various elements should be used for every 50 kilograms of fruit, and then it should be varied according to the difference in geology. % to 30%. According to research by Liu Wanliang and other fruit trees stations in Laiyang, Shandong Province, the production of 2,500 kilograms of apples per mu requires 3 to 5 cubic meters of organic fertilizer; for each 100 kilograms of apples, 1.5 kilograms of nitrogen, 0.8 kilograms of phosphorus, and 1.25 kilograms of potassium are needed, equivalent to 3.26 percent of fertilizer. Kilogram urea, 5 kg 16% superphosphate, 2.5 kg potassium sulfate.

Six, fertilizer is not reasonable

Fruit trees require a variety of elements, of which nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the most important. The apple, pear trees require N: P: K ratio of 1: 0.5: 1, and Peach trees: 10: 3 – 4: 13–16. Many fruit growers in the production only pay attention to the application of nitrogen and phosphorus, and neglect the application of potassium and trace elements. As a result, the quality of the fruit is difficult to increase, and the size is very serious. It is necessary to apply scientifically proportional three-element fertilizer on the basis of sufficient organic fertilizer. If there are symptoms of deficiency, they must be supplemented with organic fertilizers to supplement trace elements or sprayed on the roots. Conditional fertilization can be carried out.

VII. Inappropriate Fertilization and Watering

In the production of many fruit growers pay more attention to fertilization, but often overlook the work of watering, although a lot of fertilization, but due to soil drought can not maximize the effectiveness of fertilizer, resulting in a large degree of impact on fruit production and quality. Therefore, timely watering after fertilization is very important. When the soil is dry, it must be watered in time. Water-scarce areas can be covered with tree-straw stalks, which can maintain soil moisture and increase soil organic matter.

VIII. Harmful application of inferior fertilizer

The phenomenon of harm to the fruit trees caused by frequent occurrence of inferior fertilizers in production should cause great concern among the broad masses of fruit farmers. The content of inferior fertilizer is obviously insufficient, or the substance contained is inconsistent with the label, and the solubility is poor. After the application, the tree vigor is often debilitated, and the effect of applying fertilizer is not obtained. The purchase of chemical fertilizers must go to the regular department. It is necessary to find out if the fertilizer is complete with three certificates and whether there are any provincial-level or higher-level assays, and remember to ask for formal invoices.

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