Walnut is the main dried fruit in China, and it is also the main agricultural product for foreign exchange earnings. Inefficiency has always been one of the main reasons for the development of walnuts. Walnuts should be highly efficient and should focus on the following key aspects.
1 The proper construction of garden walnuts to build gardens in suitable areas can make full use of the ecological environment and natural resources in the producing areas, and lay a solid foundation for the development of walnuts. Generally, walnuts are suitable for planting in areas with an average annual temperature of 9-16°C, extreme minimum temperature of over 25°C, a frost-free period of 150 days or more, and an annual rainfall of 700 mm or more. Generally, they are cultivated on loam or sandy loam and are conducive to tree growth. High capacity. It is advisable to cultivate the mountainous area on the south slope, and the light is sufficient for the result. Walnuts are not resistant to earthworms and require deep soil layers to avoid the construction of gardens in viscous soils. In places where the extreme low temperatures are below 25°C, cold damage is prone to occur. In warm areas, the trees tend to grow in length, the fruits are prone to sunburn, and the nucleoli cease to develop into empty shells. Walnuts generally require a warm and cool environment for cultivation, and are most suitable for mountain development.
2 planting grafted seedlings real walnuts into the results of a longer period of time, and grafted walnuts can be premature as early as possible. Walnut grafting can be grafted, but budding can also be used. Branches should be drained before connecting to reduce the impact of tannins. Grafting time is critical, and the survival rate of grafting is high in the bud grafting stage. Budding should generally be carried out in mid-August. Buds adopt "T" shaped buds to connect better. "T" shaped buds, vertical mouth should be short, the cut should be shallow, to prevent the impact of water on the transport and formation of tumors. Sprouts should be full of buds or mixed buds. Do not use male buds. After the grafted seedlings are alive, they must be promptly brushed, fertilized and watered, and promote growth to cultivate healthy and robust seedlings. The seedling height should reach 60 cm or more, the base diameter should be 1.2 cm or more, and the length of the main root must be more than 20 cm. Above the lateral roots.
3 Moderate close planting can generally be planted at a spacing of 4 mx 5 m. Strong early-maturing varieties can be planned for close planting, planted at a row spacing of 2 mx5 m, and transformed into a row spacing of 4 mx5 m after entering the full fruit period.
4 The selection of suitable planting varieties of walnuts shall be selected in consideration of management level, planting density, site conditions and other factors. When dense planting and cultivation, short-stemmed varieties with early growth, short crown, and high yield can be selected, such as Liaohe No.1, Zhonglin No.5, Luguang, Fenghui, etc. When the management is more extensive, late-type walnuts can be selected. Such as Jinlong l, Jinlong 2, gift l, gifts, and so on. In the case of fine management, early-stage Zhonglin No. 1, Liaohe Nuclear No. 3, and Liao Nuclear No. 4 can be selected.
5 configuration pollination tree walnut cross-pollination tree species, must be configured when planting pollination tree. In the cultivation, attention should be paid to male-type breeds and female-type breeds to promote pollination. Generally early-early varieties and late-acting species should be separated, between early-mature walnuts and male-type, and between late-major walnuts and male-type can be pollinated with each other. Pollination varieties should account for 20% to 30% of the total number of cultivated plants.
6 Take comprehensive measures to increase production
6.1 Planing and digging tree trays Planely dig tree trays to create looser rhizosphere environmental conditions, improve natural precipitation utilization, improve root soil physical and chemical properties, enhance permeability, promote root growth, and achieve the goal of growing roots and trees.
6.2 Fertilizer Fertilizer Fertilizer is applied before and after flowering, during hard-core stage and after fruit picking. Fertilizer is mainly nitrogen fertilizer before and after flowering. According to the size of the canopy and the amount of the result, each plant can be used for each application. Urea 0.5-1.5 kg, the hard nuclear phase should be potassium dihydrogen phosphate + potassium sulfate, strains applied about 1 kg, fertilization after fruit picking should be dominated by organic fertilizer, strains applied high-quality farmyard fertilizer 200-250 kg.
6.3 Based on conservation, improve water supply Walnut is mainly cultivated in mountain areas, and the water supply is limited. Weeds can be used as the main method, supplemented with water retention agents. Where there are irrigation conditions, each year in the spring before germination, in the tree tray dig 20-30 cm radiation channel, plant water conservation agent about 0.5 kg; no watering conditions, should dig trenches before the rainy season, until the rainy season set The water is poured, the water retaining agent is applied, and then the tree tray is covered with weeds.
6.4 Cultivate a compact and compact tree structure, especially early-maturing varieties, easy flowering, early fruiting, premature senescence, and the need to increase the amount of pruning in order to prevent debilitating tree growth and yield loss after large numbers of results. Sapling period to control production. Before 3 years of age, no fruit was left, a small amount of fruit was left in 4 years, and the amount of fruit was gradually increased after the 5th year.
(7) Strengthen the prevention and control of pests and diseases The more common diseases are cloud beetles, beetles, large silkworm moths, moths, moths, scale insects, black spot, anthracnose, and ulcer disease, and should be comprehensively controlled.
1) After defoliating and clearing the park before freezing, the dead branches, leaves, weeds, etc. will be cleared out of the park, scraping off the old skin, and reducing the number of diseased and overwintering bases.
2) When a pest occurs, a black light is set in the field to induce moth pests.
3) Combine pruning and cut pests and branches.
4) Autumn trunks are painted white to prevent insects from spawning; branches are tied to grass to induce pests to lay eggs and concentrate on burning.
5) Grasp the key period and apply medication in time. From April onwards, 25% diflubenzuron was sprayed alternately with 2000 to 3000 times liquid, and 15% imidacloprid was sprayed at 3000 to 4000 times, spraying once every 15 days. When ulcer disease is found, it is necessary to promptly scrape off the rough skin of the base and apply 5 to 10 degrees lime sulfur or 50% thiophanate-methyl, and black spot can spray 2 degrees lime sulfur 1 to 2 times before germination or young fruit period. 7-8 months spray 200 times Bordeaux mixture or 50% thiophanate-methyl for prevention and treatment, anthrax spray before the onset of a 1:1:200 Bordeaux mixture, the onset of spraying 50% carbendazim 1000 times or 75 chlorothalonil 600 times liquid.
8 Apply a variety of methods to improve walnut quality
8.1 Fruit thinning and fruit thinning can increase fruit size. Generally, two fruit trees with two or more walnuts are required. Normal leaves of more than 5-6 pieces are required to ensure normal development and continuous fruiting of shoots and fruits. The ratio should be maintained at l5 ~ 20: generally in the physiological fruit drop after the preferred fruit selection.
8.2 The main factors affecting the fullness of the kernels are the supply of nutrients during the hard-core period and the temperature in August. In general, the high temperature of July-August will affect the development of walnuts. There will be half benevolence or empty shells. If high temperature weather occurs during this period, methods of watering or tree-studded grass should be adopted to reduce the ground temperature and increase the growth rate of shoots. Slow to facilitate the growth of nucleolus. Also pay attention to increase fertilization material to promote full walnut.
8.3 Appropriate harvesting should be harvested after full maturity, that is, green fruit is changed from green to yellow-green, and about 30% of the fruits are best harvested when the green skin cracks.
8.4 Bleached and harvested walnuts shall be promptly removed from the green skin and placed in the room in a concentrated manner to ignite sulphur, sulfur, and sulfur, so as to make the peel white. Information Center of Beijing Agricultural Bureau Gao Xiaohong
1 The proper construction of garden walnuts to build gardens in suitable areas can make full use of the ecological environment and natural resources in the producing areas, and lay a solid foundation for the development of walnuts. Generally, walnuts are suitable for planting in areas with an average annual temperature of 9-16°C, extreme minimum temperature of over 25°C, a frost-free period of 150 days or more, and an annual rainfall of 700 mm or more. Generally, they are cultivated on loam or sandy loam and are conducive to tree growth. High capacity. It is advisable to cultivate the mountainous area on the south slope, and the light is sufficient for the result. Walnuts are not resistant to earthworms and require deep soil layers to avoid the construction of gardens in viscous soils. In places where the extreme low temperatures are below 25°C, cold damage is prone to occur. In warm areas, the trees tend to grow in length, the fruits are prone to sunburn, and the nucleoli cease to develop into empty shells. Walnuts generally require a warm and cool environment for cultivation, and are most suitable for mountain development.
2 planting grafted seedlings real walnuts into the results of a longer period of time, and grafted walnuts can be premature as early as possible. Walnut grafting can be grafted, but budding can also be used. Branches should be drained before connecting to reduce the impact of tannins. Grafting time is critical, and the survival rate of grafting is high in the bud grafting stage. Budding should generally be carried out in mid-August. Buds adopt "T" shaped buds to connect better. "T" shaped buds, vertical mouth should be short, the cut should be shallow, to prevent the impact of water on the transport and formation of tumors. Sprouts should be full of buds or mixed buds. Do not use male buds. After the grafted seedlings are alive, they must be promptly brushed, fertilized and watered, and promote growth to cultivate healthy and robust seedlings. The seedling height should reach 60 cm or more, the base diameter should be 1.2 cm or more, and the length of the main root must be more than 20 cm. Above the lateral roots.
3 Moderate close planting can generally be planted at a spacing of 4 mx 5 m. Strong early-maturing varieties can be planned for close planting, planted at a row spacing of 2 mx5 m, and transformed into a row spacing of 4 mx5 m after entering the full fruit period.
4 The selection of suitable planting varieties of walnuts shall be selected in consideration of management level, planting density, site conditions and other factors. When dense planting and cultivation, short-stemmed varieties with early growth, short crown, and high yield can be selected, such as Liaohe No.1, Zhonglin No.5, Luguang, Fenghui, etc. When the management is more extensive, late-type walnuts can be selected. Such as Jinlong l, Jinlong 2, gift l, gifts, and so on. In the case of fine management, early-stage Zhonglin No. 1, Liaohe Nuclear No. 3, and Liao Nuclear No. 4 can be selected.
5 configuration pollination tree walnut cross-pollination tree species, must be configured when planting pollination tree. In the cultivation, attention should be paid to male-type breeds and female-type breeds to promote pollination. Generally early-early varieties and late-acting species should be separated, between early-mature walnuts and male-type, and between late-major walnuts and male-type can be pollinated with each other. Pollination varieties should account for 20% to 30% of the total number of cultivated plants.
6 Take comprehensive measures to increase production
6.1 Planing and digging tree trays Planely dig tree trays to create looser rhizosphere environmental conditions, improve natural precipitation utilization, improve root soil physical and chemical properties, enhance permeability, promote root growth, and achieve the goal of growing roots and trees.
6.2 Fertilizer Fertilizer Fertilizer is applied before and after flowering, during hard-core stage and after fruit picking. Fertilizer is mainly nitrogen fertilizer before and after flowering. According to the size of the canopy and the amount of the result, each plant can be used for each application. Urea 0.5-1.5 kg, the hard nuclear phase should be potassium dihydrogen phosphate + potassium sulfate, strains applied about 1 kg, fertilization after fruit picking should be dominated by organic fertilizer, strains applied high-quality farmyard fertilizer 200-250 kg.
6.3 Based on conservation, improve water supply Walnut is mainly cultivated in mountain areas, and the water supply is limited. Weeds can be used as the main method, supplemented with water retention agents. Where there are irrigation conditions, each year in the spring before germination, in the tree tray dig 20-30 cm radiation channel, plant water conservation agent about 0.5 kg; no watering conditions, should dig trenches before the rainy season, until the rainy season set The water is poured, the water retaining agent is applied, and then the tree tray is covered with weeds.
6.4 Cultivate a compact and compact tree structure, especially early-maturing varieties, easy flowering, early fruiting, premature senescence, and the need to increase the amount of pruning in order to prevent debilitating tree growth and yield loss after large numbers of results. Sapling period to control production. Before 3 years of age, no fruit was left, a small amount of fruit was left in 4 years, and the amount of fruit was gradually increased after the 5th year.
(7) Strengthen the prevention and control of pests and diseases The more common diseases are cloud beetles, beetles, large silkworm moths, moths, moths, scale insects, black spot, anthracnose, and ulcer disease, and should be comprehensively controlled.
1) After defoliating and clearing the park before freezing, the dead branches, leaves, weeds, etc. will be cleared out of the park, scraping off the old skin, and reducing the number of diseased and overwintering bases.
2) When a pest occurs, a black light is set in the field to induce moth pests.
3) Combine pruning and cut pests and branches.
4) Autumn trunks are painted white to prevent insects from spawning; branches are tied to grass to induce pests to lay eggs and concentrate on burning.
5) Grasp the key period and apply medication in time. From April onwards, 25% diflubenzuron was sprayed alternately with 2000 to 3000 times liquid, and 15% imidacloprid was sprayed at 3000 to 4000 times, spraying once every 15 days. When ulcer disease is found, it is necessary to promptly scrape off the rough skin of the base and apply 5 to 10 degrees lime sulfur or 50% thiophanate-methyl, and black spot can spray 2 degrees lime sulfur 1 to 2 times before germination or young fruit period. 7-8 months spray 200 times Bordeaux mixture or 50% thiophanate-methyl for prevention and treatment, anthrax spray before the onset of a 1:1:200 Bordeaux mixture, the onset of spraying 50% carbendazim 1000 times or 75 chlorothalonil 600 times liquid.
8 Apply a variety of methods to improve walnut quality
8.1 Fruit thinning and fruit thinning can increase fruit size. Generally, two fruit trees with two or more walnuts are required. Normal leaves of more than 5-6 pieces are required to ensure normal development and continuous fruiting of shoots and fruits. The ratio should be maintained at l5 ~ 20: generally in the physiological fruit drop after the preferred fruit selection.
8.2 The main factors affecting the fullness of the kernels are the supply of nutrients during the hard-core period and the temperature in August. In general, the high temperature of July-August will affect the development of walnuts. There will be half benevolence or empty shells. If high temperature weather occurs during this period, methods of watering or tree-studded grass should be adopted to reduce the ground temperature and increase the growth rate of shoots. Slow to facilitate the growth of nucleolus. Also pay attention to increase fertilization material to promote full walnut.
8.3 Appropriate harvesting should be harvested after full maturity, that is, green fruit is changed from green to yellow-green, and about 30% of the fruits are best harvested when the green skin cracks.
8.4 Bleached and harvested walnuts shall be promptly removed from the green skin and placed in the room in a concentrated manner to ignite sulphur, sulfur, and sulfur, so as to make the peel white. Information Center of Beijing Agricultural Bureau Gao Xiaohong
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