The selection of the main tree species should be based on both economic and ecological considerations. The economic principle involves choosing species that align with the goals of afforestation, such as timber production, environmental protection, or fruit cultivation. In China, forest species are categorized under the "Forest Law" into protective forests, timber forests, economic forests, firewood forests, and special-purpose forests. While some tree species may not fit into a single category, their roles are still crucial in maintaining ecological balance.
Protective forests, for instance, serve to prevent soil erosion, conserve water, and provide shelter. These can include species like soil and water conservation forests, farmland windbreaks, coastal protection forests, and sand-fixing forests. When selecting trees for these purposes, factors such as height, crown density, and root spread must be considered to avoid damaging nearby crops.
Timber forests, on the other hand, focus on producing high-quality wood. Specialized timber forests, such as those for pulp or fiber, require fast-growing species with good fiber content and easy processing. The choice of species should also consider growth rate, yield, and adaptability to specific growing conditions.
Once the main tree species are selected, it is essential to choose companion species that support their growth. Companion species play a key role in enhancing soil quality, reducing competition, and promoting biodiversity. They should have different ecological needs than the main species to minimize conflict and maximize mutual benefits.
Ideal companion species should also offer additional value—such as producing wood, fruits, or aesthetic beauty—and possess resistance to pests, diseases, and environmental stress. They should be able to regrow after pruning and help maintain a balanced ecosystem.
While it may be challenging to find perfect matches due to natural limitations, following these principles allows for more effective mixed-species planting. Successful examples in China include pairing *Cunninghamia lanceolata* with *Pinus massoniana*, *Cryptomeria*, and *Schima superba*, while *P. massoniana* often combines with *Cinnamomum camphora* and *Taiwan acacia*. Similarly, *Korean pine* is commonly paired with ash and alder, and *Chinese pine* with *Platycladus orientalis* and *Eucalyptus*.
By carefully selecting both main and companion species, afforestation projects can achieve long-term ecological and economic benefits.
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