â–¡ Zhang Junxiang With the world economic and social progress, the spectrum of human diseases has undergone tremendous changes and most infectious diseases have been effectively controlled. However, the cancer problem has become increasingly severe, and the prevention and control of cancer is facing enormous challenges.
The International Cancer Research Center believes that the number of cancer victims in the future will increase at an annual rate of 3% to 5%. It is expected that there will be 20 million new cancer cases in the world by 2020, and the number of deaths will reach 12 million. In terms of incidence, the incidence of cancer in low- and middle-income countries is much higher than in developed countries. The cancer in our country is showing a high incidence. At present, cancer in cities has accounted for 25% of the total deaths, and 21% in rural areas. The trend of younger cancer patients is also more obvious. The cost of cancer treatment is huge. For many middle- and low-income families, this is a huge disaster. The World Health Organization estimates that more than 72% of cancer patients each year fall into poverty due to cancer. Coupled with their families, each year cancer can cause more than 100 million people worldwide to fall into poverty or return to poverty. The annual medical cost for cancer patients in China is about 80 billion yuan, accounting for about 20% of total health expenditure, which is much higher than the medical expenses for other chronic diseases.
Because people are not fully aware of the cause of the tumor, they still lack sufficient understanding of the complex biological behavior of tumors. Although the world has invested heavily in cancer, it has been slow progressing. To this end, while continuing to increase research efforts, many countries have begun to shift their focus from treatment to prevention, and have supported cancer prevention strategically, politically, and financially. In addition to the screening methods currently used, the emergence of cancer vaccines provides an important approach for the prevention and control of future cancers.
The industry is still in its infancy. In the 1990s, Thierry Boon, a biologist at the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research in Brussels, Belgium, discovered the tumor antigen for the first time, setting off a research climax for cancer vaccines. Since then, a series of cancer vaccines have begun to appear. At present, cancer vaccines that have been approved for marketing worldwide include bladder cancer vaccines, cervical cancer vaccines, colon cancer vaccines, and melanin cancer vaccines. In 2008, there were 63 cancer vaccines in the global R&D status. Many products began to compete for the market. For example, the cervical cancer vaccine Gardasil was approved by the FDA in June 2006. The brain cancer vaccine DCVax-Brain was approved by Switzerland in July 2007. Cuba announced in June 2008 the vaccine Cima Vax EGF for the treatment of lung cancer. Listing.
From the perspective of research, the current development of cancer vaccines is centered on how to improve the immunogenicity of tumor antigens and how to break the key issue of tumor immune tolerance.
In addition, in the past, people thought that various human cancers were very different. The vast majority of studies have focused on vaccine research for specific cancers or special patients. However, a study conducted by the University of the Netherlands Medical Center and the Gemin Corporation of Monroe, California, USA, found that almost all cancer cells contain a telomerase enzyme, and can develop a “universal†vaccine based on telomerase for human conquest. Cancer paints a bright future.
From the perspective of industrialization, the cancer vaccine industry still has a long way to go from maturity to maturity. At present, it is still at an initial stage. However, due to optimistic about cancer vaccines, many large companies and companies in the world are investing huge amounts of money to actively support cancer vaccines. The development trend is very good. It is expected that by 2012, the US FDA may pass 8 to 10 new vaccines, which will make the total sales of cancer vaccines more than 8 billion US dollars. Another report estimated that the average growth rate of cancer vaccines in the next five years will be close to 300%.
Although cancer vaccines have developed rapidly, cancer vaccines have encountered many problems in the development process compared with other immunotherapy. In addition to technical factors, such as the difficulty in the selection of specific antigens, the lack of effective vaccine antigen presentation, and immune tolerance in the body, the uncertainty of cancer vaccine efficacy evaluation criteria also limits the development of cancer vaccines. Because the shrinkage or even disappearance of tumors has become a standard of thinking for the treatment of solid tumors. However, when it was copied to the evaluation of tumor vaccines, people found that it did not reflect the actual efficacy of the vaccine. Because some cancer vaccines effectively prolong patient life and improve quality of life, tumor volume may not be significantly reduced. The controversy over efficacy indicators directly led to many promising outcomes that could not quickly benefit patients.
We should start cancer vaccine development in an all-round way. China is a big producer of vaccines, but it is not a strong country. The emergence of cancer vaccines has provided a good opportunity for our country, because cancer vaccines have emerged later, and about 75% of the global cancer vaccines are still in the phase of R&D II. China should integrate cancer vaccines into its priorities and fully launch relevant work on the development of cancer vaccines.
First of all, according to the actual situation in our country, the focus of research and development is selected. Compared with other countries, the incidence and mortality rate of cancer in China and its changing trend have their own characteristics. For example, although the incidence of lung cancer among women in China is lower than that in Europe and the United States, the factors that contribute to the cause of cancer in our country occupy an important position. To this end, China should systematically study common tumors and high-grade tumors, look for their pathogenesis, root causes, and molecular biological basis, and choose to focus on deployment.
Second, strengthen the talent team and the National Cancer Vaccine Key Laboratory. The State Key Laboratory is an important base for the national organization of high-level basic research and applied basic research, gathering and cultivating outstanding scientists, and conducting high-level academic exchanges. At present, the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, the only national key laboratory for the study of cancer, mainly concentrates on basic research. As vaccine development is a systematic project, it faces many difficulties, involving everything from basic research to application development to the market, and it requires a stable and capable team of talents to engage in research for a long time. To this end, it is proposed to set up a National Key Laboratory of Cancer Vaccination, relying on this, and making full use of national science and technology plans to support the laboratory's work.
Vaccine development, like the development of other new drugs, requires a lot of capital investment. Only developing the cancer vaccine TroVax, Sanofi invested 680 million U.S. dollars in 2007. Although the major projects of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" and "863 Project" for the "Vaccine and Antibody Project" in China have allocated 200 million yuan of state funding to support vaccine research and development, cancer vaccines are only a few of them and are far from enough to support research and development. New cancer vaccine. Therefore, increasing investment is a top priority and provides protection for the rapid development of cancer vaccines.
(The author is an associate researcher at the Institute of Science, Technology, Prediction and Evaluation, China Academy of Science and Technology Development Strategy)
The International Cancer Research Center believes that the number of cancer victims in the future will increase at an annual rate of 3% to 5%. It is expected that there will be 20 million new cancer cases in the world by 2020, and the number of deaths will reach 12 million. In terms of incidence, the incidence of cancer in low- and middle-income countries is much higher than in developed countries. The cancer in our country is showing a high incidence. At present, cancer in cities has accounted for 25% of the total deaths, and 21% in rural areas. The trend of younger cancer patients is also more obvious. The cost of cancer treatment is huge. For many middle- and low-income families, this is a huge disaster. The World Health Organization estimates that more than 72% of cancer patients each year fall into poverty due to cancer. Coupled with their families, each year cancer can cause more than 100 million people worldwide to fall into poverty or return to poverty. The annual medical cost for cancer patients in China is about 80 billion yuan, accounting for about 20% of total health expenditure, which is much higher than the medical expenses for other chronic diseases.
Because people are not fully aware of the cause of the tumor, they still lack sufficient understanding of the complex biological behavior of tumors. Although the world has invested heavily in cancer, it has been slow progressing. To this end, while continuing to increase research efforts, many countries have begun to shift their focus from treatment to prevention, and have supported cancer prevention strategically, politically, and financially. In addition to the screening methods currently used, the emergence of cancer vaccines provides an important approach for the prevention and control of future cancers.
The industry is still in its infancy. In the 1990s, Thierry Boon, a biologist at the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research in Brussels, Belgium, discovered the tumor antigen for the first time, setting off a research climax for cancer vaccines. Since then, a series of cancer vaccines have begun to appear. At present, cancer vaccines that have been approved for marketing worldwide include bladder cancer vaccines, cervical cancer vaccines, colon cancer vaccines, and melanin cancer vaccines. In 2008, there were 63 cancer vaccines in the global R&D status. Many products began to compete for the market. For example, the cervical cancer vaccine Gardasil was approved by the FDA in June 2006. The brain cancer vaccine DCVax-Brain was approved by Switzerland in July 2007. Cuba announced in June 2008 the vaccine Cima Vax EGF for the treatment of lung cancer. Listing.
From the perspective of research, the current development of cancer vaccines is centered on how to improve the immunogenicity of tumor antigens and how to break the key issue of tumor immune tolerance.
In addition, in the past, people thought that various human cancers were very different. The vast majority of studies have focused on vaccine research for specific cancers or special patients. However, a study conducted by the University of the Netherlands Medical Center and the Gemin Corporation of Monroe, California, USA, found that almost all cancer cells contain a telomerase enzyme, and can develop a “universal†vaccine based on telomerase for human conquest. Cancer paints a bright future.
From the perspective of industrialization, the cancer vaccine industry still has a long way to go from maturity to maturity. At present, it is still at an initial stage. However, due to optimistic about cancer vaccines, many large companies and companies in the world are investing huge amounts of money to actively support cancer vaccines. The development trend is very good. It is expected that by 2012, the US FDA may pass 8 to 10 new vaccines, which will make the total sales of cancer vaccines more than 8 billion US dollars. Another report estimated that the average growth rate of cancer vaccines in the next five years will be close to 300%.
Although cancer vaccines have developed rapidly, cancer vaccines have encountered many problems in the development process compared with other immunotherapy. In addition to technical factors, such as the difficulty in the selection of specific antigens, the lack of effective vaccine antigen presentation, and immune tolerance in the body, the uncertainty of cancer vaccine efficacy evaluation criteria also limits the development of cancer vaccines. Because the shrinkage or even disappearance of tumors has become a standard of thinking for the treatment of solid tumors. However, when it was copied to the evaluation of tumor vaccines, people found that it did not reflect the actual efficacy of the vaccine. Because some cancer vaccines effectively prolong patient life and improve quality of life, tumor volume may not be significantly reduced. The controversy over efficacy indicators directly led to many promising outcomes that could not quickly benefit patients.
We should start cancer vaccine development in an all-round way. China is a big producer of vaccines, but it is not a strong country. The emergence of cancer vaccines has provided a good opportunity for our country, because cancer vaccines have emerged later, and about 75% of the global cancer vaccines are still in the phase of R&D II. China should integrate cancer vaccines into its priorities and fully launch relevant work on the development of cancer vaccines.
First of all, according to the actual situation in our country, the focus of research and development is selected. Compared with other countries, the incidence and mortality rate of cancer in China and its changing trend have their own characteristics. For example, although the incidence of lung cancer among women in China is lower than that in Europe and the United States, the factors that contribute to the cause of cancer in our country occupy an important position. To this end, China should systematically study common tumors and high-grade tumors, look for their pathogenesis, root causes, and molecular biological basis, and choose to focus on deployment.
Second, strengthen the talent team and the National Cancer Vaccine Key Laboratory. The State Key Laboratory is an important base for the national organization of high-level basic research and applied basic research, gathering and cultivating outstanding scientists, and conducting high-level academic exchanges. At present, the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, the only national key laboratory for the study of cancer, mainly concentrates on basic research. As vaccine development is a systematic project, it faces many difficulties, involving everything from basic research to application development to the market, and it requires a stable and capable team of talents to engage in research for a long time. To this end, it is proposed to set up a National Key Laboratory of Cancer Vaccination, relying on this, and making full use of national science and technology plans to support the laboratory's work.
Vaccine development, like the development of other new drugs, requires a lot of capital investment. Only developing the cancer vaccine TroVax, Sanofi invested 680 million U.S. dollars in 2007. Although the major projects of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" and "863 Project" for the "Vaccine and Antibody Project" in China have allocated 200 million yuan of state funding to support vaccine research and development, cancer vaccines are only a few of them and are far from enough to support research and development. New cancer vaccine. Therefore, increasing investment is a top priority and provides protection for the rapid development of cancer vaccines.
(The author is an associate researcher at the Institute of Science, Technology, Prediction and Evaluation, China Academy of Science and Technology Development Strategy)
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