1. The common bacteria in straw mushroom cultivation and its prevention and control The cultivation of straw mushroom generally adopts raw material cultivation or secondary fermentation culture. The culture material is not completely extinguished. The whole process of cultivation is in a high temperature and high humidity environment. The harmful bacteria are more harmful. .
(1) Comatus miscellaneous bacteria: Including black sauce ghost umbrella, manure ghost umbrella, long root ghost umbrella and so on. The fruiting body is white and soon opens its umbrella, turning black and self-dissolving like ink. The life cycle of a spooky umbrella is generally 2 to 3 days earlier than that of straw mushroom, which competes for nutrition with straw mushrooms and affects the yield of straw mushrooms.
Coprinus is mainly caused by the spread of air and compost, and the cultivation materials are too wet, too dry, or contain too much nitrogen to facilitate the occurrence of comatus, especially if the culture contains insufficient poultry manure or urea, etc. If the ph value of 2 is lower than 6, it often leads to a large number of coprinus.
The main prevention and control measures of Coprinus are: 1 Use fresh culture materials as much as possible, expose to sunlight for 2 days before use, or soak raw materials with lime water. 2 Control the nitrogen content of the culture material. When the fermentation material or fermentation is cultivated, the added amount of wheat bran or rice bran should not exceed 5%, and the livestock manure should be 3%. No matter what kind of material is used for cultivation, it is best to use secondary fermentation, which can greatly reduce the pollution of Coprinus. 3 Control the moisture content of the culture material within 70% during fermentation to ensure high-temperature fermentation to obtain high-quality heap material. At the same time, when cultivating ingredients, adjust the ph value of the culture material to about 10.
(2) Mold: Common Trichoderma viride, Penicillium, Mucor, Aspergillus, and Cladosporium. Mushroom damage occurs during the whole cultivation process of straw mushroom, and it is later than the previous period. The main reasons are: outdated materials, low pH, secondary fermentation is not sufficient, the temperature is too low or the temperature difference is too large, the culture material is wet, ventilation is poor, and the mushroom mycelium grow too weak.
Prevention:
1 Trichoderma can grow in the range of 4 to 42°C. The spores grow in a hi-humid environment. When the grass mushroom culture medium is invaded, the white cotton flocks appear in the early stages and become green in the later stages. If the strain is harmed by Trichoderma, it must be discarded. Mildly susceptible strains should also be abandoned. Trichoderma has no ideal radical drugs so far, commonly used bactericidal drugs, only inhibition of Trichoderma instead of killing, increase the dose, only to kill Trichoderma and straw mushroom hyphae. Therefore, to create a suitable mycelium growth mycelium unfavorable Trichoderma breeding and ecological environment, is the fundamental measure to control the hazards. Once the occurrence of Trichoderma damage, immediately ventilated cooling, in order to inhibit the expansion of Trichoderma, in the fungus stage of the culture material after the disease can be used to inhibit the expansion of Trichoderma by injection methods, commonly used liquid 5% of the stone Carbonic acid, 2% formaldehyde, 1:200-fold 50% carbendazim, 75% thiophanate-methyl, lime water with a ph value of 10, in addition, the ash surface was sprinkled to the pollution, and the control effect was very high. In the early stage of growth, it was villous, white or gray, and later grew pinkish and yellow. In the case of a large number of conidial piles, the appearance is similar to that of the Hericium erinaceus fruit body. The Streptomyces spp. is mainly contaminated and is the most important bacterium in the high temperature season. The spores of Streptomyces sp. are strong and have the characteristics of rapid reproduction. Once they occur, they are the catastrophe. The consequence is that the strains, culture bags or culture blocks are scrapped in batches. The control of Trichoderma spp. can be controlled with reference to Trichoderma spp. When the fungus bag is produced, if it is found, the diesel oil will be dripped on the conidia group to prevent the spread of the cladosporium. After the fungus bags are infected, they should not be lightly scrapped. The infected bacteria bags can be buried in soil with a poor 30-40 cm deep air permeability. After 10-20 days of anoxic treatment, the disease can be effectively reduced. Fruiting.
Mucor is also known as black mold, long hair, mildew, hyphae initially white, later gray to black, indicating a large number of mature sporangia, the bacteria in the soil, feces, barnyard grass and air everywhere. It has a high incidence of high temperatures, high humidity, and poor ventilation. The main reason for this is the use of moldy raw materials in the substrate. The inoculation environment contains more spores of mucormycetes, hyphae culture in the boring wet environment and so on. The control method is the same as that of Trichoderma.
4 In addition, strict control of strains, selection of viable strains, and contamination with Gram-negative bacteria is one of the key measures to prevent mold.
2. Common pests and their control in the cultivation of straw mushroom In the cultivation of straw mushroom, the harm of pests is often more harmful than the bacteria, and it is more difficult to control. The effect of prevention and control will directly affect the yield of the straw mushroom. If the damage is severe, it will lead to an unacceptable harvest. Common pests are: mushroom borer, mushroom fly, mushroom mosquito, fruit fly, nematodes, cockroaches, worms, etc.
(1) Mushrooms also known as bacillary dysentery, spiders, aphids, damage a variety of edible fungi. Aphids feed on mycelium, causing hyphae to shrink or even disappear, resulting in failure of cultivation. Common cockroaches are pampas grasshoppers and mealworms. As M. edulis is small, it is not easy to see with the naked eye, and it becomes powdery when it becomes a group. Culture materials, old mushroom houses, and strains are important sources of infection for crickets.
Prevention methods: Take prevention as the main factor. The mushroom house should be far away from the warehouse, feed room, livestock house, etc., and the cultivation raw materials should be subjected to secondary fermentation. If the damage is serious, the mushroom house should use dichlorvos, schiolanes, etc. before recoating. Acaricide 500 times liquid spray or fumigation 24 hours, once found small or flat, oval or white, or yellow, long bristles of mushrooms, they should immediately use the following methods to kill.
1 Fumigation and killing The cricket is dichlorvos, which is placed on the base material of the bed frame, and then covered with a plastic sheet, and the drug volatile fumigates the chlorpyrifos.
2 spray killing with 50% of omethoate 1000 times, 1500 times solution of chrysanthemum ester or 500 times Kezi special spray to kill. Spraying with detergent 400 times continuously for 2-3 times also has a good killing effect.
3 rapeseed cake hunted on the material surface damaged by mushroom borer spread a few pieces of wet cloth, and sprinkle the freshly fried rapeseed cake on the wet cloth. When the worms gather on the rapeseed cake powder on the wet cloth, remove the wet cloth from the boiling water. You can kill the locust in a moment.
4 sweet and sour liquid to seduce and take 1 part of acetic acid, 1 part of water, 0.1 parts of sugar, and mix dripping 1-2 drops of dichlorvos, then mix the sweet and sour liquid, use gauze strips or cotton soaking liquid on the material surface Above, when the locusts clustered on them, remove the dead hot pests. Repeat the above operation until there is no worm.
5 Fresh bone trapping Place the fresh pork bone on the bed surface where the mushroom borer is infested. When the locust swarms on it, kill the locust by placing the bone in the water for a while. Repeat several times until there is no flaw on the bed.
(2) Mushroom fly prevention and control methods: Drainage ditch around the mushroom field, remove water, and regularly sprayed with 0.5% dichlorvos; culture materials for secondary fermentation, to kill the material larvae and eggs; black light trap.
(3) Bacterial mosquito prevention and control methods: Keep the mushroom house clean, the cultivation site should be kept away from the garbage heap and decomposed material, and the old material after harvesting should be cleared as soon as possible. In severe cases, the crystals of trichlorfon 1000 times prior to mushrooming or mushrooming Conduct prevention and treatment.
(4) Nematode control methods: the moisture content of the culture material is strictly controlled at about 70%; secondary fermentation is performed; before cultivation, the sanitation is carefully cleaned, and after ventilation and drying, the crystal trichlorfon is sprayed on the wall, floor, and bed frame 1000 times. liquid.
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