Botrytis cinerea is a serious fungal disease that affects cucumbers and various other vegetables, including squash, gourds, melons, tomatoes, sweet peppers, and eggplants. Among these, zucchini is more severely impacted than cucumber. The disease primarily affects the fruits, stems, leaves, and flowers, leading to symptoms such as rotting seedlings, burnt spots, and the formation of gray or brown mold. The infection usually begins through the female flowers, causing petal rot and the appearance of a light gray-brown mold layer. This then spreads to the young fruits, resulting in water-soaked lesions at the umbilical area, followed by wilting, softening, and eventual decay. The fruit surface becomes covered with dense gray-brown mold, and the melon growth becomes stunted, eventually leading to complete rot.
On the leaves, the lesions typically start from the tips, appearing water-soaked before turning light gray-brown. In some cases, a brownish layer may develop in the center of the lesion, creating large, circular spots with sharp edges. A thin layer of gray mold may also appear on the leaf surface. Severe infections can cause the stems to rot at the base, leading to vine breakage and plant death.
To manage Botrytis cinerea, an integrated approach combining ecological control and chemical treatments is recommended. Ecological methods include maintaining good greenhouse hygiene, using properly composted organic fertilizer, and employing temperature manipulation techniques to reduce humidity and suppress fungal growth. Chemical control involves the use of smoke agents, dusts, and sprays, alternating between different products to prevent resistance.
Before planting, it's essential to thoroughly clean the fields, removing all infected plant debris and burning or burying it outside the greenhouse. Organic fertilizers should be well-rotted and covered with plastic film for at least two months before application. Deep plowing to 30 cm helps reduce initial pathogen levels. Before transplanting, the greenhouse walls, floors, and columns should be sprayed with a copper-based solution (1200 times dilution) and then sealed for several days under high temperatures (up to 60°C) to kill the fungus. After cooling down, the greenhouse should be covered with plastic film to maintain optimal conditions.
Ecological control measures include hanging reflective screens on the north wall of greenhouses to increase light intensity, cleaning the film regularly, and using carbon dioxide generators to supplement CO₂ levels. These practices help create a high-temperature, low-humidity environment that inhibits Botrytis growth. On sunny mornings, opaque coverings should be removed early to maximize light exposure. When temperatures reach 35–40°C, vents are opened for two hours to release moisture, then closed again when the temperature drops to 24°C. In the afternoon, heat-insulating materials are used to lower humidity further, maintaining a relative humidity of around 65–70% during the day and increasing slightly at night. Maintaining temperatures above 30°C for 2–3 hours daily significantly reduces the spread of the disease.
For chemical control, early-stage applications of aerosols or dusts are effective. Products like 40% Baixu smoke agent, 40% 100-speed smoke agent, and 10% Procymidone smoke agent can be used at 250–350g per acre for 4–6 hours, repeated every 7 days for 2–3 times. Dusts such as 10% Benomyl or 10% polymyxin can be applied at 1kg per acre, once every 8–10 days. During the early flowering stage, 500x Baoguo Ling, 2500x Baofengling, or 1250x Securit can be applied to female flowers with 0.1% of 50% Sulfuron or 50% Eupatorin.
In the early stages of disease, one of the following fungicides should be alternated: 50% SucloCorp WP (1500–2000x), 50% Acetamiprid WP (1000–1500x), 50% Benomyl WP (1000x), 50% Myclatamine or 40% Sclerotium Net WP (1000–1500x), 50% Polyram WP (1000x), 52% Nylon or 86.2% Master Copper WP (1200–1400x), or 21% Chlorella Emulsion (400x). Spraying every 7–10 days for 2–3 times is recommended for effective control.
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