Soybean root rot is a widespread disease that can affect soybeans throughout their entire growth cycle, causing significant damage. Yield losses can range from 25% to over 75%, and the protein content of affected seeds is significantly reduced. The primary symptoms include dark brown spots at the base of the stem, which may spread upward to the lower lateral branches. This leads to browning of the inner stem tissue, contraction of petiole bases, and drooping leaves that do not fall off. To manage this disease, farmers commonly use fungicides such as 58% thiram Mn-Zn or 72% Kocide wettable powder, applied as a seed treatment at a rate of 0.3% to 0.4%.
*Sclerotinia sclerotiorum* is another serious soybean pathogen, primarily affecting the stems. Infections typically begin in late July, starting with brown lesions on the stalks. As the disease progresses, white, cotton-like mycelium appears on the lesions, eventually turning into black sclerotia. Infected plants often show a grayish appearance after death, and the sclerotia can be seen as small, black, cylindrical structures within the stems. Control measures include spraying 50% Systhane WP diluted at 1000 times, 40% NF bacteria solution at 1000 times, or 50% thiophanate methyl at 500 times.
Soybean gray spot disease, also known as leaf spot, usually begins on the upper and middle leaves in June and becomes more severe in mid-July. The disease starts during the tender stage and reaches its peak during the bulging phase. Heavy outbreaks occur in July and August under high temperatures and heavy rainfall. It mainly affects the leaves, and in severe cases, nearly all leaves are covered with lesions, leading to early defoliation and yield losses of 20% to 30%. For chemical control, 70% dexamethasone WP or 50% thiram is used as a seed treatment at 0.3% of the seed weight. During the flowering stage, 40% carbendazim suspension is applied at 1.5 kg per hectare, mixed with 450 kg of water for spraying. Proper timing and application are crucial to effectively manage these diseases and protect crop quality and yield.
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