Soybean root rot is a widespread disease that can affect soybeans throughout their entire growth cycle, causing significant damage. The yield reduction can range from 25% to over 75%, and the protein content of the affected seeds is greatly reduced. The primary symptoms include dark brown spots at the base of the stem, which may spread upward to the lower lateral branches. This leads to browning of the inner stem tissue, contraction of the petiole bases, and drooping leaves without complete defoliation. For chemical control, it's common to use 58% thiram Mn-Zn or 72% Kocide wettable powder as a seed treatment at a rate of 0.3% to 0.4%.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, commonly known as white mold, primarily infects the stems of soybean plants. Infections usually begin in late July, starting with brown lesions on the stalks. As the disease progresses, white, cotton-like mycelium appears on the lesions, followed by the formation of small white particles that later turn into hard black structures called sclerotia. Infected stems often contain these dark, cylindrical sclerotia. After the plant dies, it turns grayish in color. To manage this disease, farmers often spray 50% Sclerotin WP diluted 1000 times, or 40% Nifurpirin 1000 times, or 50% Thiophanate-Methyl at 500 times dilution.
Soybean gray spot disease, also referred to as leaf spot, typically starts on the upper and middle leaves in June and becomes noticeable in mid-July. The disease develops during the early podding stage, reaching its peak during the full pod stage. Heavy outbreaks are common in July and August under high temperatures and heavy rainfall. This disease mainly affects the leaves, and in severe cases, nearly all the foliage becomes covered in lesions, leading to premature defoliation. This can result in yield losses of 20% to 30% and a decline in seed quality. For chemical control, it's recommended to treat seeds with 70% Diflubenzuron WP at 0.3% of the seed weight during sowing, or 50% Thiram at the same rate. During the flowering stage, 1.5 kg of 40% Carbendazim suspension is mixed with 450 kg of water for spraying.
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