Brazilian bream, also known as the South American salmon, is a native fish species found in the Paraná River system of southern Brazil. It is one of the most important freshwater fish for commercial aquaculture in the country due to its fast growth rate, strong disease resistance, and ease of feeding. Additionally, it has fewer and softer spines, making it more suitable for consumption.
Water conditions are crucial for successful Brazilian bream farming. The ideal time to start breeding is from late April to early May when water temperatures remain above 15°C. The aquaculture area should be between 5 to 15 mu (approximately 3,300 to 10,000 square meters), with a water depth of 1.5 to 1.8 meters. The water must be clean, fresh, and easily drained. Before introducing the fry, they should be treated with a 2-3% saline solution for 10 to 15 minutes to reduce the risk of infections.
There are several breeding methods used in raising Brazilian bream:
1. **Stocking Setup**: Fry measuring 5 to 10 cm are typically stocked at a density of 250 to 300 fish per mu, with an average of about 500 fish per unit area.
2. **Main Cultivation**: For larger fish, the stocking density is around 30 to 50 grams per fish, with approximately 1,000 to 1,200 fish per acre. Turtles may also be introduced to help control algae and maintain water quality.
Daily management plays a key role in ensuring healthy growth. Brazilian bream are omnivorous, so their diet should contain 25 to 30% protein. Feeding should follow the "four principles" — regular, sufficient, timely, and varied — adjusting the amount of feed based on the fish's condition and water temperature. The daily feed amount should be 3 to 7% of the fish's body weight. Water clarity should be maintained at around 30 cm, and lime should be applied twice a month to improve water quality and prevent diseases.
Disease prevention is essential, especially since young Brazilian bream have a short life cycle and are prone to certain illnesses. While they generally suffer from few diseases, it’s important to focus on prevention rather than treatment. Trichlorfon, a common treatment for other fish species, is highly toxic to Brazilian bream and should be avoided during disease outbreaks.
By following these practices, farmers can ensure a successful and sustainable Brazilian bream farming operation.
Clostridium Butyricum
C. butyricum, a butyrate-producing, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium, is found in a wide variety of environments, including soil, cultured milk products, and vegetables. It is also present in the human gut: it is detected in 10–20% of the adult human population and is often one of the earliest colonizers in infants. In the human gut, where it is considered a ‘symbiont (living together with the host), C. butyricum has a fermentative lifestyle and can consume undigested dietary fibers and generate short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), specifically butyrate and acetate. Butyrate is one of the dominant fermentation end-products and is produced by C. butyricum via the butyrate kinase (buk) pathway. SCFAs produced by microbial organisms in the colon are known to have myriad and important effects on host health, including modulating intestinal immune homeostasis, improving gastrointestinal barrier function, and alleviating inflammation. As such, butyrate-producing organisms like C. butyricum have become attractive candidates to test for beneficial effects in a host. Genomic analyses are increasingly identifying novel bacterial strains with health-promoting potential that are distinct from classic probiotics (Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria).
C. butyricum is a species that encompasses various known strains, some of which have genes equipping them to produce toxins. However, genomic analyses confirm that other strains do not have these genes nor other markers of pathogenesis potential, and that these nonpathogenic strains have excellent potential to benefit host health through several mechanisms. Certain strains of C. butyricum have been used as a probiotic for decades. Strain MIYAIRI 588 (or MIYARI 588; CBM 588), first isolated from the feces of a healthy human by Dr. Chikaji Miyairi in 1933, and later from soil in 1963, is a commercially-available, over-the-counter probiotic widely used in Japan, Korea, and China for the treatment of (antimicrobial-associated) diarrhea. Strain CBM 588 is also authorized under the regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council as a novel food ingredient. Its widespread use is enabled by its safe, nonpathogenic and nontoxic profile: studies have shown that it is sensitive to antibiotics, devoid of pathogenic markers, and lacks clostridial toxin genes.
butyrate, immunity, intestinal barrier, inflammation
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