Brazilian bream, also known as the South American salmon, is a native fish species of the Parana River basin in southern Brazil. It plays a significant role in Brazil's freshwater aquaculture industry due to its economic value. This fish is highly favored for its fast growth rate, strong resistance to diseases, ease of feeding, and minimal problems with thorns, making it an ideal choice for farmers.
When setting up a breeding environment, it's important to consider water conditions. The optimal time for breeding is from late April to early May when the water temperature is above 15°C. A suitable aquaculture area should be between 5 to 15 mu (approximately 0.3 to 1 hectare), with a water depth of 1.5 to 1.8 meters. The water must be clean, fresh, and well-drained. Fish seedlings should be around 10 to 15 cm in size, and before stocking, they can be dipped in a 2-3% saline solution for 10 to 15 minutes to reduce stress and prevent disease.
There are several breeding methods available:
1. **Stocking Setup**: For small-scale farming, it's common to stock fish of about 5 to 10 cm in size. A typical area of 250 to 300 mu can hold around 500 fish.
2. **Main Stocking**: In larger operations, fish weighing 30 to 50 grams can be stocked at a density of 1,000 to 1,200 per acre. Turtles are sometimes added to help control algae and maintain water quality.
Daily management is crucial for successful farming. Brazilian bream is an omnivorous species, so a diet containing 25 to 30% protein is recommended. Feeding should follow the "four principles" — consistency, variety, moderation, and timing — and the amount of feed should be adjusted based on the fish’s condition and water temperature. Typically, the daily feed amount should be 3 to 7% of the fish’s body weight.
Water quality must be maintained regularly. The water clarity should be kept around 30 cm, and it's advisable to change part of the water frequently. Adding lime twice a month can help improve water quality and maintain a healthy environment.
Disease prevention is essential. Although Brazilian bream has a short breeding cycle and generally suffers from few diseases, proactive measures are necessary. It's important to focus on prevention rather than treatment. Notably, trichlorfon is highly toxic to this species, so it should be avoided when treating fish diseases.
By following these guidelines, farmers can ensure a productive and sustainable breeding process for Brazilian bream, contributing to both local economies and food security.
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