The main points of cultivation techniques are as follows: 1. The selection of the cultivar has a strong growth potential and is easy for flower formation, and is suitable for any cultivation mode. In recent years, the Shandong Institute of Vine Grapes has conducted various tests such as small scaffolding, scaffolding, single-arm stand, double-armed stand, T-frame, double cross V-frame, and Y-frame. can. In contrast, the Y-frame works best. 1. Benefits of the “Y†type frame: (1) The management is more standardized and the fruit farmers are easy to master. (2) The planting density is relatively high, and the early stage yield is good. (3) With the nature of the scaffolding, the fruit has good merchandise. (4) It is easy to control the output and improve the quality. (5) The distribution of the three belts (ventilation belts, result belts, and nutrition belts) is obvious, facilitating mechanization management. (6) In high temperature and humidity areas, easy to avoid rain cultivation. 2. The design of the Y-frame: (1) The height of the column is 2.3-2.4 meters, the underground plant is 0.5-0.6 meters, and the ground part is 1.8 meters. (2) Three crossbars of 0.5m, 0.8m, and 1m in length are to be tied at 0.7m, 1.2m, and 1.7m above the ground respectively, with equal lengths at both ends, and an iron wire shall be pulled along at both ends of the crossbar. A wire is pulled on both sides of the column at 0.5 meters above the ground. In this way, there are four wires on both sides of the column to complete the frame type. 3. Planting of Y-frames: The soil can be ready for planting after thawing in early spring. The general land is flooded with water once, and if it is a saline-alkali land, it is flooded twice. When the seedlings are planted, the seedlings should not be buried too deep. The top of the seedlings should be exposed to a depth of 5-10 cm. After the seedlings are planted, a small amount of water should be poured and then the mulching film. The upper part of the grape seedlings should be excavated from the film and a small amount of soil should be used. Press it so that the wind does not scrape. The planting density is 2.5-2.8 meters with a large row spacing of 0.2 meters and a plant spacing of 1 meter. Mu 400-500 planted. Second, management techniques for the first year after planting 1. Plant the columns, pull the wire, and complete the Y-frame. 2. After the sprouts of the seedlings, in accordance with the principle of “retaining strong strength without leaving behindâ€, the two strong shoots on the upper part are chosen and the remaining buds are erased. 3. When the height of seedlings grows to 15-20 cm, remove a relatively weak branch and leave only one strong branch to grow upwards. The purpose of doing so is to prevent damage to new shoots caused by weather disasters, such as breakage, to be foolproof. 4. When the height of the seedling grows to 40-50 cm, collect a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and then put the young plant on the scaffold and put the new shoot on the scaffold. 5. When the new shoot grows to 1.2 meters, it picks up the top of the main tip, then leaves 5 pieces of leaves on the top side of the shoot to pick it up. The final height is about 1.8-2 meters. 6. In the first year of winter shearing, pruning should be performed at any position where the shear thickness is more than 0.8 cm. However, after pruning, the height of the grapes should not exceed 1.5 m, and the minimum must not be less than 0.5 m. If the first year grows more ideally, it is best to prune at 1.5 meters to ensure maximum production for the second year. Third, the management of the second year, tied vines: the vines tied to the first level of wire, if the trimming height of 1.5 meters in the previous year, it happens to be connected with the previous grape. 2. Stubbles and shoots: After the grape has sprouted, leave one branch at the turn to grow upright as a result of the next year. This branch did not let the result of the year, let it stand upright, when the new shoot grows to 1.2 meters when the picking heart, after the top of the top shoot left two leaves repeatedly topping. 3. The new shoots sent by the main vines that are tied to the first wire can all have inflorescences that can bind the grapes. According to the number of grape florets, a new shoot is left every 15 to 18 centimeters. Each new shoot usually leaves one ear fruit, and some can leave two ear fruits. If finely managed, the second year's yield per mu can reach 1,000 kg. 4. Cleverly picking up the heart and promoting the big spike: This species of sapling is easy to grow long and its inflorescence is small. Therefore, it is necessary to pick the heart early and skillfully. When the new shoot grows to 60-70 centimeters, it leaves 50 centimeters to pick up the heart. After a few days, it leaves a top tip and the rest of the tip leaves a leaf topping. When the new shoot grows to about 60-70 centimeters, it will be picked again. After the tip leaves 2 leaves repeatedly topping. 5, the whole ear sparse grain; In order to make the grape to achieve the purpose of high quality and efficiency, the whole ear sparse grain is an essential part. In addition to the spike before flowering, see the spike tip when flowering, and the result of physiological fruit drop is clear when the grain size is clear. Neatly arrange the ears, then remove the diseased fruit, small fruit and dense fruit. 6, the second year of winter shear - single branch pruning. In the second year of winter cutting, the branch that was cultivated at the turning point was cut at 1 meter to be the result of the next year. The rest was cut off. The management of the fourth and third years and beyond is completely in accordance with the second year's management model. V. Soil, Fertilizer, and Water Management 1. Soil Management: Strengthen soil management, often cultivating grasses, plowing at appropriate times, and cooperating with other managements, will surely obtain a good harvest. Soil management includes deep plowing, weeding, weeding, intercropping, cover, and grass cultivation. 2. Fertilizer management: Goldfinger grapes are fertilized like other species, requiring N, P, K, Ca and other elements as well as Zn, B, Mn and other trace elements. The N required for the production of 1000 kg of grapes: 5 to 10 kg, P2O5: 2 to 4 kg, K2O: 5 to 10 kg. This data can only be used as a reference, depending on the fertility of the soil itself. The period of fertilization should be closely combined with the growth and development stages of the grapes. After sprouting, with the growth of new shoots, the leaf area gradually increases, and the demand for nitrogen fertilizer increases rapidly; subsequently, the demand for nitrogen fertilizers for berry growth and development increases, and the absorption of nitrogen fertilizers by plants increases significantly; after flowering and fruit setting, , The demand for phosphorus increased steadily; the absorption of potassium increased gradually during the berry growth to meet the growth and development needs of the berry. (1) Base fertilizer: It is indispensable to use basal fertilizer at the end of autumn, mainly using organic fertilizers and some chemical fertilizers (N, P, K fertilizers, etc.). The depth of the base fertilizer should reach the main distribution layer of the root system. The organic fertilizer gradually decomposes in the soil and can be used for the growth and development of the next year. In the autumn, the grape root system enters the second growth peak. At this time, fertilization and cutting roots have strong regenerative and absorption effects. If the applied organic fertilizer contains straw compost, human feces and urine containing more nitrogen can be properly blended to adjust the ratio of carbon and nitrogen, which is conducive to compost maturity. Autumn basal fertilization and soil deep turning combine to serve two purposes. As the organic fertilizer is gradually decomposed and the fertilizer effect is longer, the basal fertilizer should not be repeated every year at the same position, and fertilization should be performed at different positions. (2) Fertilizer before budding: This period is dominated by fast-acting nitrogen fertilizers such as urea and ammonium bicarbonate. In the period of injurious flow, the absorption of grape roots is enhanced, and the effect of top dressing before germination is obvious, which can increase the germination rate, increase the inflorescence, and make the new shoots grow robustly, thereby increasing the yield. If the amount of autumn fertilizer is sufficient, you can not top-dress this period. (3) Dressing before flowering: The quick-acting nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers may be used in combination with potash. This topdressing has a good effect on the flowering, pollination, fertilization and fruit setting of the grapes and flower bud differentiation in the year. (4) Top dressing during young fruit: N, P and K are the main types. Its main role is to promote the rapid increase of berries, reduce the rate of small fruit, and promote flower bud differentiation. At the same time, the roots began to thrive and the shoots grew faster, and the grape plants required a large supply of nutrients. If the amount of plant load is insufficient and the shoot length is long, the application of fast-acting nitrogen fertilizers should be controlled. (5) Fertilizer topdressing during ripening of berries: Potassium and phosphate fertilizers (in addition to quick-acting phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, farmyard manure such as grass and wood ash can also be used), and when the berries begin to be colored, a large amount of ash or decomposition of plant ash containing potassium and phosphorus is applied. Chicken manure etc. Nitrogen fertilizers are generally not to be used during this period. However, in vineyards with too many ears or on poor sand and gravel, the nitrogen fertilizer should be applied properly during the ripening period of berries after the rainy season. Otherwise, nitrogen fertilizer is insufficient. (6) Post-harvest fertilizers: mainly phosphorus and potash fertilizers with appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer, with the purpose of promoting flower buds to mature. The post-harvest fertilizer can be applied in combination with the autumn base fertilizer. (7) Foliage top dressing: First of all, it is clear that foliar dressing is only a supplement to soil fertilization. It is an emergency measure when the grape is in lack of fertilizer, especially it is supplemented with iron, zinc, boron and other trace element fertilizers. Can not use foliar fertilizer instead of soil fertilization. Foliage topdressing can be carried out simultaneously with spraying. It is used 4-5 times throughout the year. It mainly uses amino acids, humic acids, and compound micronutrients, eliminating the use of artificial growth regulators such as long-term growth, naphthaleneacetic acid, and 2.4-D. , Limited use of PP333, PBO. 3, water management: In many fruit trees, grapes than apples, pears, peaches and other fruit trees have strong drought resistance. Many dryland vineyards have achieved very high yields. Although drought resistance is strong, timely irrigation can ensure high fruit yield and quality. When the soil moisture content is 60% to 70%, the growth of roots and shoots is best. If the water holding capacity exceeds 80%, the soil will be poorly ventilated, the ground temperature will not rise easily, and it will be detrimental to the absorption and growth of the root system. When the water holding capacity of the soil drops below 35%, the shoots stop growing. The long-term moderate drought in Xinshaowang also helps to control vegetative growth, promote flower bud formation and grape quality improvement. The irrigation of the vineyard takes into account the physiological characteristics of the grape during its growth and development stages. Several major periods of water management: (1) The first critical period before the sprouting of the grapes. At this moment, the grape will sprout, the shoot will grow rapidly, the inflorescence will develop, and the root system will also be in a vigorous activity stage. It is one of the critical periods of grape water demand. In the spring drought in the north, the grapes are covered by moist soil for a long time. After the soil is unearthed, it is not immediately watered, and it is susceptible to dry wind, resulting in poor sprouting and even drying of branches. (2) 10 days before flowering, it is also a key watering period. During this period, new shoots and inflorescences grew rapidly, and new roots began to occur in large numbers in the root system. The assimilation was vigorous, and the amount of transpiration increased gradually, requiring more water. In the flowering period, the water is generally controlled, because watering will reduce the temperature of the soil, and the soil moisture is too high, and the growth of the shoots is too prosperous, which is unfavorable for the grapes to be set. In sandy areas with high water permeability, if the weather is dry, proper watering at flowering time can sometimes increase the fruit setting rate. (3) About 10 days after flowering is the third critical period. During this period, new shoots grew rapidly, the base began to lignify, the leaves increased rapidly, the new inflorescence original body quickly formed, a large number of new lateral roots occurred in the root system, and the water absorption of the root system in the soil reached the most vigorous level, while the berries were The arrival of a growth peak is the key period for fertilizer and water demand. (4) The beginning of the berry coloration is the second peak of the berry growth period when the berry grows very fast and the berries begin to accumulate sugar. The new shoots grow boldly and begin to lignify, and the inflorescence develops rapidly. The supply of suitable fertilizers and water during this period not only improves the yield and quality of the year, but also has a good effect on the yield of the next year. (5) During the ripening period of the berries, soil moisture is generally sufficient in areas where irrigation or moisture retention is good. If the amount of rainfall is insufficient, the water retention of the soil is poor, or if fertilization is large, irrigation is required. During the ripening period of the berry, the soil moisture is appropriate, the fruit grain is well developed, the yield is high, and the sugar content is also high. If the water content is high, the berry can mature well, but the sugar content is reduced, the aroma is reduced, the fruit is easily cracked, and the broiler is not resistant to storage. (6) When the grapes are buried in cold weather, if the soil is dry, it is inconvenient to bury the soil and it is necessary to water a small amount before the soil is buried. In winter and spring drought areas in the north, there is a habit of pouring frozen water in winter. Regarding the grape plant water deficit index, according to the growth status of young shoots as the standard of irrigation, the tender tip is hard and curved as a normal growth phenomenon; if the tender shoot is upright and soft, it is the performance of water shortage and should be immediately watered. Six, a reasonable load output is too high not only affect the quality and delay the maturity, but also easy to make the tree premature aging, production must be strictly controlled tree load, under normal management conditions, robust results can leave 1-2 fruit, The mediocre branch leaves only 1 ear fruit, and the weak branch leaves no fruit. Seven, grape bagging Bagging is one of the best ways to obtain bright, high-quality, pollution-free fruit. It is an essential part of the production of high-end grapes. Grape bagging can effectively reduce the risk of fruit diseases and insect pests, reduce the number of spraying, reduce pesticide residues, improve fruit quality, and increase product value. VIII. Timely harvest After 20 days of grape swelling and softening, Goldfinger grapes can be picked and listed on the market. However, if you want to reflect the strong honey flavor of Goldfinger grapes, it is best to allow it to mature fully before harvesting. The bagging goldfinger grapes of the Shandong Provincial Institute for the Study of Fresh Grapes generally begin harvesting around September 1 of each year, and end in mid-to-late October. During this period, the grapes are fully mature and can be used as high-end gifts. Nine, pest control This species is more resistant to disease, reference can be made to the prevention and treatment of grape diseases and pests in the Kyoho. Due to the high sugar content, attention should be paid to the hazards of birds and bees.
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