First, the cultivation of pepper
1. Special early-maturing cultivation: covering with plastic sheds or covered with small sheds. Usually in the greenhouse in early October in the greenhouse, seedlings, seedlings before the winter, double-film or three-film covering the winter seedlings, spring buds with large seedlings planted in a greenhouse or a small arch shed. It is listed at the end of April or early May.
2. Early-maturing cultivation: Cultivation by mulching. Usually in the middle and late November in the greenhouse cold bed nursery or in late December and early January in the nursery nursery, no seedlings before the winter, double film or three membranes cover the seedlings overwinter, year after seedlings in a small shed Inside, the seedlings are planted in the open field after bud emergence. Listed at the end of May.
3. Late-maturing cultivation: generally in the cold bed nursery in early March, seedlings in mid-April, planted in open ground in mid-May, mid-season in June.
4. Late autumn cultivation: generally in the middle and late July, the use of omentum to cover the nutrition seedlings, planted in the plastic shed in late August, harvested red peppers from November to December.
Second, the special early cultivation of pepper
(1) Variety selection should choose strong cold tolerance, very early maturing, early fruiting, and compact plants, suitable for highly dense planting varieties. At present, the varieties that are suitable for special early-maturing cultivation in the Yangtze River Valley include Xiangyan No. 11, Xiangyan No. 13, Xiangyan No. 15, Xiangyan No. 19, and Ningjiao No. 5, among others.
1. Xiangyan No. 11: Very precocious, coarse horny, slightly spicy, 2500 kg per mu.
2. Xiangyan No. 13: Medium-Matured, Spicy, Big Horn-shaped, with an output of 3,500 to 4,500 kilograms per mu.
3. Xiangyan No. 15: Mid-matured, spicy, long horn-shaped, adaptable, heat-resistant, drought-tolerant, capable of over-summer results, autumn harvest, longest harvesting time, generally yields 3,000 kilograms per mu , High yield up to 5000 kg.
4. Xiangyan No. 19: Precocious, long ox-shaped, spicy, thick flesh, suitable for storage and transportation, usually 2,500 kg per mu.
5. Ningjiao No. 5: Medium-matured, long horn-shaped, spicy, heat-resistant, per mu 3000 kg to 4000 kg.
(2) Early-growth and strong seedlings should be planted early in the middle and early October. Cold beds are used to raise seedlings in greenhouses, seedlings are planted before the winter, and large-seedlings are covered with double or triple membranes. Seedlings are prepared as follows:
1. Bed soil and medicine soil preparation Fertilize the fertile garden soil, the decomposed manure dry powder and the fine stove ash sifted separately and sifted, and then mix them evenly according to the ratio of 4:1:1, and then add the superphosphate per m3 bed soil. Calcium 5 kg, NPK fertilizer 1 kg, evenly spread in the seeding bed, thickness of 8 ~ 10cm. Medicinal soil preparation can be used 70% chloronitrobenzene and 50% thiram 5g and 15kg of fine dry soil mixed uniformly, to cover seed.
2. Seed bed and seed disinfection seed bed disinfection is generally used 1:60 ~ 80 times the formalin, according to the amount of m21 ~ 2kg evenly poured on the bed soil, and then covered with film for about a week, uncover the film let fool Malin can be sown after smell is dispersed. Seeds soaked in 500-fold solution of 30% thiophanate-methyl for 20 minutes before sowing, washed out, and sowed after sowing or germination.
3. Seeding and seedbed management Each seed area of ​​666.7m2 needs about 50g seeds. Before sowing, water is poured into the innate water of the seedbed. The next day, sow the seeding amount of 15g per m2 seedbed evenly, then sprinkle about 1cm thick soil cover without seeds, and cover the film to heat and moisten, in order to prevent seedlings from unearthing and capping. Can be covered with a little fine soil when the seedlings arch the soil. Under the condition that the bed temperature is maintained at about 25°C, the seedlings usually emerge after 7-8 days. After emergence, uncover the plastic film to reduce the temperature and humidity, keep the bed temperature at 16～20°C, and the air temperature at 20～25°C, so as to reduce the humidity of the bed soil as much as possible. Prevention of damping-off occurs. After the seedlings were broken, the management of fertilizer and water was strengthened, and the principle of alternating wet and dry was used to promote the growth of true leaves on the shoot.
4. Sub-seedlings and seedbed management When the seedling age is about 30d, with 2 to 3 true leaves, the seedlings should be seeded in a nutrient bowl or a greenhouse seedling in a timely manner. The seedling distance is 810cm, and efforts are made to divide the seedlings before the low temperature comes in late November. , and then use two or three layers to cover the insulation. In winter, the temperature is low and the light is weak. The insulation and fertilizer management of the seedbed should be strengthened to compensate for the adverse effects of low temperature and lack of light, so as to ensure that the pepper seedlings still have a certain amount of growth during the wintering period to prevent the occurrence of the freezing seedlings. Attention to pest control. The diseases of pepper during seedling stage are mainly gray mold and anthracnose, which can be controlled by spraying with sulfacin and thiophanate respectively, and sprayed once every 15 days. The pests that injure the pepper seedlings are mainly aphids. They can be treated with propanil, konjac, omethoate, eucalyptus, and farmland.
5. Seedlings of young seedlings are 100 to 120 days old, about 18 to 20cm in plant height, 0.4cm or more in stem diameter, 10 to 12 true leaves in leaves, dark green leaves, and more than 90% of seedlings have buds and root development. Good, no rust root, no pests and mechanical damage. After reaching the standard of strong seedlings, it can be planted in a greenhouse or a small shed. If it cannot be colonized due to climatic reasons, it should be sprayed with paclobutrazol at the appropriate concentration.
(3) Soil fertigation Before soil harvesting before harvest, 100 to 150 kg of lime shall be sprayed every 666.7m2 to disinfect the soil. After the soil is ploughed, treat 2000kg of manure and manure every 666.7m2, spread 100～150kg of cake fertilizer, 50kg of ternary compound fertilizer or 15kg of urea, 50kg of phosphate fertilizer and 15kg of potassium fertilizer, and mix the fertilizer and soil, and then make soil preparation. It is 1m wide, slightly turtle-shaped, 0.5m wide and 0.3m deep. Immediately after site preparation, it covers the mulch. Site preparation fertilization should be completed 10 days before transplanting.
(D) early planting, after the winter planting highly dense seedlings, should be early in mid-February to grab sunny days planted in a greenhouse or a small arch shed. Each plant is planted with two lines per plant, with a spacing of 5045 cm, and 2000 plants per 666.7 m2. When planting, 1:1500 of quintozene citric acid soil is sprinkled in each hole at a concentration of 50 g. Immediately after planting, water is poured and water is used. Fertilizer seal holes.
(5) Strengthen the uncovering of the shed film, adjust the temperature and humidity reasonably, and plant the moisture in the closed greenhouse to keep the seedlings alive. When the temperature rises on a sunny day, it should be lifted and ventilated at 2 hours before and after noon, especially for small greenhouses. The release of the membrane should be timely, and attention should be paid to opening the leeward surface. Rainy cold weather is closed shed insulation, if the rainy time is long, the humidity in the shed is large, it should be noted that in the short period of time, the film is removed and ventilated, and the moisture is eliminated, so that the ground is covered. When the temperature is stable above 15°C, the cultivation of greenhouses must be strengthened to remove membranes and ventilation. No rain can be carried out during the night and the seedlings can grow steadily. For the cultivation of small arches, the cover can be gradually opened and removed. When the temperature is stable above 20°C, a large shed can be used. However, if the membrane is not removed, it can still be used as a shelter from rain so as to prevent continuous rain and rain from causing a large amount of humidity in the field and inducing an epidemic.
(six) plant regulation, hormones and fruit cultivation of greenhouse peppers due to less penetration of ultraviolet light, plant growth is too prosperous, long branches and details of the leaves, easy to lodging. Can be sprayed with the appropriate concentration of paclobutrazol to inhibit the growth of the plant. After the pepper enters the initial fruit stage, the stalk, the pregnant tree, indeed, the scorpion, the worm, the worm, the intestine, the Zheng, Chung, Chung Bing, the quack, the quack, the quack, the quail, the umbrella, the umbrella, the quail After stopping the procedure, stop using R to remove the hips, then remove the sputum, remove the sputum, spray from 5-30 mg/L of the anti-dropping agent solution, and continue for 2 times. The interval is 1 week. (7) Cultivation of peppers in a listed greenhouse in a timely manner. In the middle and late April, the green peppers begin to ripen. They must be harvested early, diligently picked, and not only rush to market prices, but also promote the development of subsequent fruits. Generally, they should be harvested every 3 to 4 days. .
(8) Spraying pesticides in time to prevent pests and diseases The main diseases of pepper are scab, anthrax, epidemic, viral disease, ferret, and bacterial wilt. For diseases, focus on prevention, early spraying, disease-free spraying first. For scab, anthrax, and viral diseases, agro-streptomycin, chlorambucil, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, or chlorothalonil spray can be used for prevention and treatment; viral diseases generally cause mosaics, leaf curls, and virus A or Prevention of chilli roll night spirit spray; for the prevention of white blister disease, bacterial wilt, and strengthening the soil disinfection, and more lime. Or at the beginning of the disease, 50% carbendazim 500 times dripping or chlorinated nitrobenzene can be used. Insect pests of pepper mainly include aphids, bollworms, and tea aphids. In addition to damaging leaves and buds, aphids can still transmit viral diseases. They should be treated with dioscorea or dimethoate as soon as possible; cotton bollworms are harmful to pepper fruits and can be used for kung fu or suppression. The prevention and control of deltamethrin pesticides such as CPIC should be sprayed at the flowering stage, and tea leaves damage the growing point of the peppers, causing the leaves of growing points to curl and die. This can be prevented by using anthrone, chlorpheniramine or chilli leaf curl spirit.
Third, the late autumn cultivation of pepper
(1) Variety selection should use thicker flesh, larger fruit size, and good commodity quality. At present, the varieties used in the South include Jiaojiao No.1, Luojiao No.4, Hangyu No.1, Xinfeng No.4, Jiaojiao No.1 Xiangyan No.13 and Xiangyan No.10.
(B) Cultivation of strong seedlings
1. Do a good job of seed and seed bed disinfection Seed disinfection disinfection using pharmaceutical agents, the method is to use 30% thiophanate 500 times liquid soaking for 20 minutes, remove and wash, and then germination and sowing. In the absence of drugs, soaking in warm water at 50°C for 15 minutes, then washing and sowing. Seedbed disinfection generally uses 1:60 to 80 times the formalin solution, poured into the bed soil in an amount of 21 to 2 kg/m2, and then covers it with a film for about a week and removes loose soil. The soil can be removed every few days. sowing.
2. The timely sowing of the planting period of pepper cultivation delay has a greater impact on the formation of its yield. Sowing too early, affected by the high temperature and dry climate, serious pests and diseases. If sowing is too late, the time suitable for the growth and development of the pepper is shortened, which is not conducive to the improvement of yield. It is generally appropriate to sow in mid-July.
3. Timely sub-seedlings should be kept in the two-leaf one-hearted or calendar seedlings within 10 to 15 days. At the same time, we must use nutritious lotus seedlings. According to tests, no seedlings that are nourished by nutrition, despite the fact that the amount of vegetative growth is the same as that of seedlings bred with nutrition, the seedlings after transplanting have a long seedling growth period, poor growth, and low yield. However, no seedlings after transplanting with the nursery of nutrient cultivation prolonged the growth and development time, and the yield was higher. The use of plastic nutrition bags for nutrition has the advantages of low cost, light weight, easy operation, and is suitable for popularization and application in rural areas. The nutritious soil is made of fire ash and pig manure slag. It must be fully fermented before it can be used.
4. Doing a good job in shading, cooling, and rain protection As the nursery period coincides with the high temperature season, seedlings are vulnerable to drought. At the same time, young seedlings are easily flushed after being washed by hot season rain. Therefore, we must pay attention to doing a good job of shading and cooling and preventing rain from scouring. The method is to cover the shade net on the cover of the film cover, or to cover the shade net on the unsheathed large scaffold, and then to put a small arch shed in the shed, the latter is more convenient to remove the film and cover film, and is easier to promote. application.
5. Timely watering and fertilizing: As the temperature in the shed is high, the amount of water evaporation is large, and the seedlings are prone to lack of water and wilting. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to timely watering. At the same time, depending on the seedling condition, some foliar fertilizers should be applied as appropriate, such as 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5% magnesium sulfate, and 0.01% to 0.02% sprayed fertilizer. However, nitrogen fertilizer should be properly controlled to prevent leggy seedlings.
(3) Deeply plough the soil and open the drainage ditch at the end of July and deep tillage in early August. Require deep plowing to break the bottom, the ditch should be opened deep, generally about 0.6m deep trench ditch, shed ditch depth 0.4m. This will increase the ability of the soil to drain, warm, and ventilate, and create an environment conducive to the growth of peppers that is not conducive to the occurrence of pests and diseases.
(4) Applying basal fertilizers to cover base film basal manure by using manure and livestock manure, cake fertilizer, soil miscellaneous fertilizer and appropriate amounts of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. General 666.7m2 pig manure 1500kg. The amount of other fertilizers is referenced to the early spring peppers. After composting, it is spread in the soil, and then it is finely grounded and covered with silver and black double-sided mulch.
(5) Transplanting in a timely manner, the planting period for rational close planting is generally controlled between August 15 and August 25, and transplanting is completed well on August 20th. It is better to choose cloudy transplanting without affecting the season. Transplanting on sunny days, should be selected in the evening when the weather is cool, conditions, can be covered in the greenhouse film shade net; planting density is based on species and soil fertility conditions. In general, small varieties of seedlings should be dense, and large varieties of seedlings should be thin, lean soil should be dense, and soil and fertilizer should be thin. For example, a total of 3,500 to 4,000 plants per 666.7m2 of çš– Jiaojiao 1 are suitable. Luojia 4 is suitable for 3800-4000 plants.
(6) Doing a good job in field management
1. Timely uncovering the shed film The shed film is generally covered before the pepper is transplanted. However, due to the high temperature before the beginning of October, the film around the shed was basically open, but only when the weather was heavy, the film was covered to prevent the rain from flushing the peppers and causing the disease. Uncover the film. By the end of October, when the temperature in the daytime shed drops below 25°C, the shed film will begin to close. However, attention should always be paid to changes in temperature. When the temperature in the shed exceeds 25°C, it is necessary to start membrane removal and ventilation. When the humidity in the rainy shelter is high, it can be ventilated for 1 to 2 hours at high temperatures. When the minimum temperature drops to 10°C, a small shed is added to the shed. Otherwise, the plants and fruits are easily frozen.
2. Early Prevention and Control of Diseases and Insect Pests The main diseases that occur in pepper cultivation after the fall of greenhouses are common and are seriously affected are virus disease and gray mold. Insect pests are tea aphids and aphids. Prevention and control of viral diseases mainly focus on two points: First, the occurrence of locusts should be controlled in a timely manner because maggots are the communicators of viral diseases. The second is to use 600 to 700 times the virus plus milk powder control, that is, each bag of water plus milk powder 100 ~ 150g. Special attention should be paid to the prevention and treatment of virus disease in the seedling stage. Generally, the virus spirit is sprayed before and after the planting, and during flowering and fruit setting. Botrytis cinerea mainly occurs at the seedling stage, and the control method is spraying with 50% of quick-acting WP 1000 times solution or Ketiming 500 times solution. The prevention and control of tea aphids must take hold of the initial stage of pests. Otherwise, it will be difficult to control once it has spread. Anti-drugs can be used for Daban Ling or Ba Shu Ling.
3. The side branch, diseased branch and old leaf consumption of nutrient of defoliating and leafing peppers will affect the ventilation and ventilation, which will lead to the spread of disease damage, and should be removed in time. When the yield of each plant reaches 12 to 15 fruits, the growing point of the plant should be removed. , to facilitate fruit enlargement.
4. After fixing the plant in late October, the weight of the pepper increased quickly due to the increase in the weight of the plant.
5. The prevention of rodent pests is a major obstacle to the cultivation of peppers in greenhouses in autumn. One of the methods of prevention and control is to put sodium salt of enemy mice around the shed, or spray strong chlorine to drive out rats. The second is compacting the shed film with soil to prevent rats from entering the shed.
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