Adult cow: refers to the cow after the first calving.
1. Feed. It is necessary to give full play to the advantages of local feed resources, make full use of existing feeds, broaden the sources of feed, diversify feed, and complement each other, which is both reasonable and economical. The preservation and processing of feed should be free from impurities, foreign matter, freezing, pollution, and mildew. The various feed types in the mix should be balanced throughout the year. When using commodity mix (mixed) feed, it should understand its nutritional value. The proportion of each variety: 45% to 50% of corn, 20% to 25% of soybean cake, 25% to 30% of bran, and should have mineral feed. In the mineral feed, salt, chalk (amorphous calcium carbonate), calcium dihydrogen phosphate, defluorinated salts, and trace elements should be included. In addition to salt, mineral feed should account for 2% to 3% of the concentrate. There should also be salt for free food, and if necessary (especially in the summer) add baking soda 1%.
2. Nutritional needs and dietary requirements. The rations should be based on feeding standards and feeding trials to match the best rations that are suitable for the field, which are economical, efficient, and balanced. Changes in body weight and milk production are the basis for determining and adjusting nutritional needs. Simmental should weigh each body within 3 days postpartum, 4th lactation month and mid dry milk. Determining nutritional needs should take into account factors such as quality, characteristics, availability, palatability, and climate change of different feeds.
3. Feeding management. 1 The perinatal period should be carefully maintained. In the first two weeks of delivery, concentrates may be gradually increased, but not more than 1% of body weight. 1 to 2 days after delivery should be fed easily digestible feed, free intake of quality forage, appropriate control of salt feed, can not drink cattle in ice water, till 3 to 4 days after the gradual increase in feed concentrate, the daily increase in the amount of 0.5 kg, silage, tuber feed should be controlled. 2 The procreation of lactation (15 to 80 days after delivery). Feeding high-energy feed, in the case of maintaining a good appetite, try to eat more dry matter and concentrate, and tap the potential for yield increase, but not excessive. Appropriately increase the number of feedings, the rough and coarse materials should be rich and varied, with good quality and good palatability. Mid lactation (81 to 180 days postpartum). The purpose of this period is to maintain stable production. The use of high-quality silage and hay should be fully utilized to gradually reduce the amount of energy and protein in the diet, but the amount of concentrate should be gradually reduced depending on the stability of the milk production or decrease. Late lactation (181 days postpartum to stop milk). The nutritional level in this period depends on the degree of recovery of the cattle population. In addition to the normal decline in milk control (7% to 12% per month), weight should be restored as soon as possible. 3 The young cows of the first trimester should maintain the level of dry dairy cows up to 3 months before birth. After delivery, the feed supply can be increased by 20% and the second child can be increased by 10%. 4 Feeding silage throughout the year is extremely important for high yield and stable production. Silage is best not to be interrupted during the summer when the green feed is sufficient. Generally, the daily feed should be no less than 1.5% of body weight. The grass yard should be set free to feed in the playground. Feed supply should be balanced and stable throughout the year, and the differences between winter and summer rations should not be too different. In summer, the diet should be appropriately increased in nutrient concentration, ensure adequate drinking water, reduce the crude fiber content of feed, increase the proportion of protein in concentrates, and feed tuber and melon feeds. Winter dietary nutrition should be rich, increase energy feed, not drink ice water, drinking water temperature should be maintained above 10 °C. The 5 cattle farms should be built on the terrain with high dryness, adequate lighting, good drainage, convenient transportation, no threat of infectious diseases, and no "three wastes" zone. The barn construction should meet the sanitary requirements, cool in winter and cool in summer. There is a sports ground on the sunny side of the cowshed and it is connected with it. There is a drainage ditch around it. There is a drinking trough, minerals and forage grass feeding trough and pergola in the sports ground. Each cow needs a fixed bed. 6 Strictly prevent the epidemic prevention system, keep the cattle farm sanitation, and regularly clean and disinfect. Feeding, drinking, brushing, milking, cleaning, and sports of cows should be carried out in order within the prescribed time. Strict observance of the schedule system must not be easily modified so that the cows develop a fixed conditioned reflex. The cows and the milking staff should be fixed and clearly responsible. The cows should keep a good grasp of their living habits, characteristics, milk production, breeding conditions and health conditions. Cows should have a dry milk period of 60 to 70 days per child, using a fast dry milk method. To do a good job in the detection and treatment of subclinical mastitis before dry milk, dry milk should be injected into each nipple after the last milking session, and breast examination and care should be strengthened in the first 20 days after dry milk. 7 The cows must establish systematic medical record files, perform regular health checks and improve the system of epidemic prevention and quarantine. At the same time, regular health checks are performed on the milker. Cows enter the delivery room two weeks before delivery and should undergo health checks and disinfection when entering the delivery room. To create a delivery room data file. Cows should disinfect the hindquarters and the vulva before giving birth. For normal delivery cows, do not give artificial labor, and report veterinarians in case of difficulties.
4. Milking management. Based on the cow's lineage, age, parity, delivery time, milk yield, milk fat percentage, and feed supply, a comprehensive estimate is made to formulate a milk production plan. The milking sequence of cows should not be changed at will. According to the operating requirements, breast washing, massage and milking are performed so that the cow can establish a good lactation reflex. Milking 3 times a day. The milker should always trim his nails, change his work clothes before milking, wash his hands, and ensure hygiene. To keep the milking environment quiet, behave in a gracious manner towards cows. Before cows are milking, raise the oxtails. Clean the breasts and nipples in 45°C to 50°C warm water. Then wring the towels and dry the breasts from top to bottom. After the breasts are washed, massage is required. When the breasts are inflated and the milk veins bulge, milking should be started. The first milk to be extruded contains many bacteria and must be discarded. Hand-milking should use fist-clamping type. It should be lighter and lighter at the beginning. It should speed up when the row of milk is exuberant, and squeeze 80 to 120 times per minute. Milking capacity per minute should not be less than 1.5 kg. Every time milking must be squeezed, after the squeeze with a disinfectant bath nipple. First squeezing a healthy cow and then squeezing a sick cow. The vacuum pressure for mechanical milking is 4.67-5.06 KPa (350-380 mmHg), and the number of pulse beaters is 60-70 times per minute, to prevent emptying. Cows that have developed mastitis within 5 days of delivery should change to manual milking or portable machine milking. The milk should be treated separately. The sick cow recovered from mechanical milking after recovery. The quality of milk should comply with NY5045-2001 regulations.
5. Breeding. In strict accordance with the matching plan, breeding with excellent species of bull semen, no inbreeding is strictly prohibited. An estrous forecast system was established to observe that cows were in estrus and should be recorded in time regardless of whether they were breeding or not. In addition to observation of behavior and mucus identification before mating, a rectal examination should be performed and timely insemination should be performed according to the development of follicles. 20 days after delivery, the cow should undergo a genital examination and find that the lesion is treated promptly. Cows with estrus and estrus abnormalities within 70 days should be examined promptly to find out the cause and symptomatic treatment. The mating of cows should be started 60 days after childbirth. The number of breeding days should not exceed 100 days after childbirth. The initial allocation of young cows should be more than 16 months of age and the weight should be 350 kg. Reasonably arrange the calving plan, try to balance the calving, and reduce the number of calves appropriately during the hot summer months.
6. Record, production performance measurement, statistics. After the mother-in-law is born, a file, registration number, date of birth, parent number, birth weight, and health status should be created to describe the characteristics of the body or the pattern of the flowers. In order to understand the growth and development of yak, monthly weight and body measurements should be weighed (body length, body height, and chest circumference). For bred and young cows, body weight and body measurements should be measured at 6 months, 12 months, 15 months, and 18 months in order to understand the initial fit period. The production performance was measured once a month and the amount of milk within 24 hours was recorded. The milk fat percentage and milk protein ratio were determined. Based on the monthly test results, calculate the performance of the entire lactation period. Other records include: reproductive records, estrus dates, breeding records, pregnancy records, and calving records. Growth and development records, body measurements, body weights, pedigrees. Disease records, medical records, quarantine, epidemic prevention records. Feed consumption. According to the requirements of production performance measurement and other records for species registration. According to the original records, statistics, analysis and summary are conducted regularly to guide production.
7. Production environment. The environmental quality of the Simmental cattle farm should meet the requirements of NY/T388-1999, and the drinking water quality should meet the requirements of NY5027-2001. Cattle farm epidemic prevention should comply with the provisions of NY5047-2001. Simmental cattle veterinary drugs are administered in accordance with NY5046-2001. The feed used for raising cattle should comply with NY5048-2001.
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