The perinatal period in dairy cows refers to the critical time around calving, encompassing both late pregnancy and early lactation. During this phase, cows experience significant physiological changes that can weaken their immune system, making them more susceptible to illness and affecting milk production throughout the entire lactation cycle. Therefore, proper feeding and management during this time are essential to ensure the health of the cow and the success of the next lactation. To help farmers better manage this crucial stage, it is recommended to focus on three key areas: feeding adjustments, improved management practices, and controlled milking.
First, adjusting the feeding strategy is vital. The primary goal is to maintain a balance between calcium and salt levels. During the dry period, concentrate feed should be provided at a rate of 3–5 kg per day, depending on the cow’s condition, but never exceeding 1% of the cow's body weight. Overfeeding concentrates can lead to higher costs and increase the risk of issues like dystocia and ketosis. For thin cows or those with minimal udder development, a small amount of concentrate may be added, but care must be taken to avoid excessive milk flow. Salt intake should also be reduced in the 15 days before calving, from 75–100g to 30–50g daily, and further adjusted after calving to support postpartum appetite recovery. A low-calcium diet for the last 15 days before birth can help prevent hypocalcemia and reduce the risk of milk fever by promoting calcium mobilization from bones to the bloodstream.
Second, improving management and preventive measures is equally important. Farmers should prepare a clean, dry, and well-ventilated calving area. Encouraging moderate exercise before calving can help the cow prepare for labor, which is usually natural. If assistance is needed, strict hygiene protocols must be followed. After calving, cows should be given warm water or brown sugar water immediately to stimulate digestion and help expel postpartum lochia. In the first two days, feeding easily digestible feeds such as cornstarch and bran along with high-quality hay is recommended. Cows with retained placentas should receive uterine treatment combined with systemic care to prevent complications. Continuous monitoring is necessary to detect and address any metabolic disorders early, ensuring a healthy transition into lactation and preparing the cow for breeding within 60 days.
Finally, controlling milk yield after calving is crucial. Proper milking management directly impacts the cow’s health and milk production efficiency. If not handled correctly, it can lead to metabolic imbalances. Typically, on the first day after calving, milking should be limited to about one-third of the usual daily yield. Gradually increasing the milking amount over the following days allows the cow’s digestive and lactation systems to recover. Most cows return to normal milking schedules within 3–5 days. This approach helps prevent milk fever and supports optimal milk quality and quantity, ensuring long-term productivity and well-being.
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