With the rapid development of China's agriculture and the gradual increase in the amount of chemical fertilizers, how to increase the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers has attracted people's attention. At present, there are many types of fertilizers for agriculture, including unit fertilizers, binary and ternary compound fertilizers, and multi-element compound fertilizers. Due to their different chemical properties, the forms of various nutrients applied in soil and the absorption and utilization of crops are also Different. The utilization rate of chemical fertilizer refers to the percentage (%) of the absorption of chemical fertilizers by the current crop and the amount of fertilizer applied. The utilization of chemical fertilizers in China is affected by factors such as single fertilization, fertilizer application amount, and improper fertilization methods, resulting in a generally low utilization rate of fertilizers, including nitrogen fertilizers of 18% to 45%, phosphorus fertilizers of 12.5% ​​to 30%, and potassium fertilizers of 30%. ~ 50%, only about 60% of developed countries. This not only wastes fertilizer resources, increases production costs, but also causes serious environmental pollution and becomes a constraint factor for agricultural efficiency and farmers' income increase. In order to solve this problem, I carried out in-depth and detailed experimental research on how to increase the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers in conjunction with the work of soil and fertilizer stations. The relevant technical points are summarized as follows:
First, determine the best amount of fertilizer is the key to improving fertilizer utilization
According to the law of fertilizer requirements of the crops and the ability of the soil to supply fertilizer, adhere to what the soil lacks what fertilizer to make up, lack the principle of how much fertilizer to make up, and determine the optimum amount of fertilizer for the crop.
Second, use nitrogen synergist and controlled release fertilizer
There are many types of nitrogen synergists, mainly urease inhibitors, which can be made into long-acting urea at a ratio of 1:50, urea formaldehyde and urea, and coated urea. It is also possible to directly use controlled-release fertilizers that meet national standards. These fertilizers are applied once as base fertilizers, and no fertilizer is applied afterwards. This not only saves the number of fertilizers, but also enables the soil in the early stage but not the middle of crop growth, and does not come off in the middle of the crop growth period. Fertilizer effect, fertilizer effect from 40 to 50 days to 100 to 120 days, nitrogen utilization rate increased from 35% to 40% to 60% to 75%, the average crop yield increased by 10% to 15%.
Third, nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer application
The nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements needed by crops are indispensable. According to the proportion of crops required for various nutrients, the best results can be achieved. The test proved that the utilization rate of single application of urea was 26.6%. If the ratio of urea and superphosphate was applied in a ratio of 1:0.5 to 0.6, the utilization rate of urea could be increased to 39.6%. The application effects of potash fertilizers are also becoming more and more obvious. Based on the application of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers, potassium chloride is applied at 5 to 10 kg per 667 square meters (1 mu), and the comprehensive utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium can be increased by 6%~ 10%. The requirement of crops for micronutrients is small, but it can also achieve good results in combination with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Generally, it should be applied every other year according to crop needs. The amount of fertilizer should be 1.5-2 kg per 667 square meters.
Fourth, grasp the best fertilization time
Long-acting fertilizers and controlled-release fertilizers should be applied as base fertilizers at one time, and no additional fertilizers are needed. Other types of fertilizers should be based on the crop growth period and fertilizer requirements, the fertilizer used in the most sensitive period of the crop needs fertilizer, generally according to the reproductive characteristics of the crop, to grasp the former light, medium and heavy, the principle of supplement.
Fifth, choose the appropriate method of fertilization
Different soil texture, the fertilization method used is not the same, the general viscous soil, should be based on basal fertilizer, early application of top dressing method. Sandy soil should use "a small number of times", that is, "eat less and more meals," the topdressing method. Loamy soil should be based on basal fertilizer, combined with basal fertilizer and top dressing. No matter what kind of soil, it is strictly prohibited to spread fertilizer. Nitrogen deep application can effectively prevent the volatilization and loss of nutrients, and the depth of fertilization is preferably 12-15 cm. Phosphorus, potash, and trace fertilizers are to be applied in full-layer fertilization, that is, the fertilizer is used in areas where crop roots can reach to facilitate crop absorption and utilization. That is, 2/3 of the basal fertilizer is applied to the surface, followed by ploughing. The remaining 1/3 of the cultivator is sprinkled on the hoe, and then passes through the hoe so that the fertilizer is evenly distributed in the soil. This allows fertilizer utilization. Increase 8% to 10%.
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