Grape white rot
Grape white rot
1. Conidia 2. Conidia
Fifth, control (control)
1. Elimination of overwintering pathogens At the end of autumn, sick ears, diseased fruits, diseased vines, diseased leaves, etc. that have fallen on the ground should be collected and burned or buried deeply. In winter, it is combined with pruning to cut off diseased vines and burned or buried in the same way to eliminate the overwintering pathogenic bacteria in the orchard.
2. Strengthen cultivation and management According to the experience of the Beijing region, do a good job in the five links of “pick (fruit)â€, “pick (fruit)â€, “tie (vine)â€, “锄 (grass)†and “row (water)â€. Can effectively reduce the damage of grape white rot.
3. Chemical control After the grape fruit set, when a sporadic disease ear is detected, the diseased ear should be removed and spraying should be started immediately. After spraying once every other half, until the fruit before the stop, a total of about 4 to 5 times spraying. Pharmacy can be applied 50% reclaim Mate 800 ~ 1000 times the liquid; or 50% thiram 1 kg and 65% thiram 1 kg, add water 1000 jins; or 50% thiram 500 ~ 700 times.
The primary source of the white rot of grapes is mainly from the soil. In order to eliminate the bacteria on the soil surface, 1 part of thiram, 1 part of sulfur powder and 2 parts of calcium carbonate can be used. On the soil of the vineyard to kill the germs found on the surface of the soil. Each mu about 3 to 4 pounds of the above mixed powder.
4. Bagging In areas with severe disease, ears close to the ground can be bagged.
About one week after the onset of the fruit, the disease gradually changed from brown to dark brown, and the skin was densely covered with greyish white, slightly protruding small particles. This is the conidia of the pathogen.
The incidence of dendrite is generally in the place where there is damage, such as the zigzag site or the tip and the place where the wire is rubbed. The lesions on the vines showed a light reddish-brownish water stain. Afterwards, the color gradually darkened, and the surface of the lesions appeared slightly gray and white. White rot bacteria can secrete toxic cords and have strong ability to decompose fibers. Therefore, the disease is often separated from the cortex and xylem at the late stage of the disease, and the fibers are scattered like fibrils. When the disease is severe, the disease is easy to break or cause the branches and leaves above the disease to die.
The incidence of leaf disease mostly starts from the margin of the leaf. Firstly, yellow-brown lesions occur from the leaf margins, and the edges are water-stained. They gradually expand toward the middle of the leaf to form large, nearly round, pale brown lesions with inconspicuous concentric rings. After the diseased leaves also formed a small gray point. Due to the large lesions in the leaves, the diseased tissue is dry and the lesions are easily broken. Second, the pathogen (pathogen) Coniothyrium diplodiella (Speg.) Sacc.
It is a kind of semi-known bacteria that invade grapes. The conidiospore was scattered under the epidermis of the host, gray or gray-brown; spherical or oblate spheroid, slightly protruding at the top, wall thickness, size 118 ~ 14691 ~ 146 micron. The conidiophores were born at the bottom of the conidia to the unit cells, unbranched, light brown, 12 to 22 microns in length. Conidiophore cells, brown to dark brown oval or oval, slightly sharp at one end, containing 1 to 2 oil spheres, size 8.9 to 13.24.8 to 6 microns. The optimum temperature for the development of pathogens is 25-30°C, the highest 35°C, and the lowest 5-12°C. The conidia germinate at 13～34°C, and the germination rate can reach 80% when the air humidity is saturated. The conidia in the conidia are able to maintain their viability for 8 to 10 months when they are relatively dry in the natural world. If preserved in the laboratory, they can maintain their vitality for 7 years. Therefore, conidia have strong resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions. Conidial germination requires a small amount of sugar to stimulate, the required sugar content, the minimum content of 0.01%, the most suitable 2%, can not germinate in 0.001% of the amount of sugar. Third, the incidence of factors (epidemic fator) Orchard white rot disease has a close relationship with the rain, the rainy season came early, the disease occurred early, the rainy season is late, the disease occurred late. After the onset of the disease in the orchard, peaks occur once after the rain. In general, high temperatures and rains are conducive to the epidemic of diseases.
Since white rot pathogens invade the wound, all wound conditions are conducive to disease. Such as wind damage, insect pests, and toppings, fruit thinning and other agricultural operations, can cause wounds and invade pathogenic bacteria. In particular, the impact of wind damage is even greater. After each storm, it often causes severe white rot. The occurrence of the disease is closely related to the host's growth period, and the fruit enters the coloring and maturation stages, and its degree of susceptibility also increases. The position of the ear and its incidence are also greatly related. According to the survey, 80% of the ear occurred on the ear less than 40 cm from the ground, of which less than 20 cm accounted for more than 60%. This is due to close to the ground of the ear, susceptible to pathogenic bacteria after overwintering, while the lower ventilation and light transmission is poor, high humidity and easy to induce disease. Fourth, the disease cycle (disease cycle) The pathogens in the diseased tissue and mycelium winter in the diseased tissue. The ear, leaf, and culms on the orchard's topsoil and trees can be the primary source of disease infestation. The pathogenic factors that cause wintering in the soil are generally found in soils that are within 20 cm of the surface and topsoil. After the disease has fallen to the ground, it generally does not completely rot, and some of its germs can survive for 4 or 5 years. The base of the dried fruit has a tightly-constructed mycelium called a "shell seat," which has a strong resistance to adverse environments. After wintering, "Shell Block" can form new conidia and conidia. Conidia spread through wind and rain, causing the initial onset of wound invasion. Later on the lesions produced conidiospore, disseminated spores to cause re-infection. Generally from the beginning of June to mid-term, until the fruit matures, the disease will continue to occur in the orchard. At the end of the autumn, the pathogenic bacteria passed through the winter with the conidia or mycelia.
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