Mushrooms treasures--brown mushroom cultivation techniques

Mushroom treasures – the brown mushroom, also known as Xiangkou mushroom, is a highly prized edible fungus with a thick stem and rich, tender flesh. Compared to white mushrooms, it offers a more delicate flavor, a stronger aroma, and greater nutritional value. Due to its superior taste and health benefits, it has become a premium edible fungus in Europe, America, and other developed regions around the world. Today, it has established a professional market for mature Portabella mushrooms and a special market for young, unopened Cremini varieties. The export potential of this product is vast, and its cultivation holds great promise. Below are some key biological characteristics and high-yield cultivation techniques. **First, Biological Characteristics** 1. **Nutrition**: Brown mushrooms can utilize straw as a carbon source, with animal manure, ammonium sulfate, and urea serving as the best nitrogen sources. The ideal carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is 30:1. 2. **Temperature**: Mycelium growth occurs between 14-35°C, with an optimal range of 20-30°C. Fruiting body development takes place at 16-32°C, ideally 18-28°C, making it a high-temperature strain. 3. **Humidity**: During mycelium growth, the medium should be kept at 60-65% moisture, with air humidity around 70-75%. For fruiting, air humidity should be maintained at 85-90%. 4. **Light**: Mycelium growth does not require light, but the formation of mushroom buds and fruiting bodies needs moderate illumination (200-800 lux). 5. **Air**: Fresh air is essential during both mycelium growth and fruiting stages. Poor ventilation can lead to deformed mushrooms. 6. **pH**: The mycelium can grow within a pH range of 6-9, with the best growth occurring at 6.5-7.5. **Second, High-Yield Cultivation Techniques** 1. **Cultivation Season**: With an ideal temperature range of 16-32°C, planting typically starts 40-45 days after the beginning of the growing season. Spring planting is usually done in March or April, with fruiting from May to July. Summer planting may begin in June or July, with harvests from August to October. 2. **Cultivation Site**: A shaded structure is essential for growing brown mushrooms. The shed should be 2-2.2 meters tall, with a roof and walls covered in straw or shade nets. The bed inside should be shaped like a turtle shell, with a width of 60-80 cm, height of 10 cm, and no set length. An irrigation ditch should be dug outside the shed. 3. **Raw Material Formula**: Common formulas include: - Rice straw 80%, lime 4%, phosphate 2.5%, gypsum 2%, compound fertilizer 1%, urea 0.5% - Rice straw 60%, cow dung 30%, lime 4%, phosphate 2.5%, gypsum 2%, compound fertilizer 1%, urea 0.5% - Cottonseed corn stalk 45%, lime 4%, phosphate 2.5%, gypsum 2%, compound fertilizer 1%, urea 0.5% Approximately 1,500 kg of material is needed per 100 square meters. 4. **Pre-Humidified Heap Building**: Materials are stacked in layers, alternating rice straw and manure, forming a circular pile about 1.5 meters high and wide. The top is shaped into a turtle shell, and the sides are secured with materials. 5. **Turning and Fermentation**: The first turn occurs on day 7 when the pile reaches 65-70°C. Subsequent turns happen every 5-6 days, adding lime and gypsum as needed. After 25 days, the material should be loose, elastic, and brown, with a pH of 6.5-7.5 and moisture content of 60-65%. 6. **Sowing Management**: Once the material cools below 35°C, it is spread evenly onto the beds. Inoculation is done using a hole or scattering method, with 100-150 bags per 100 square meters. Bamboo poles are inserted on either side to support the bed. 7. **Soil Cultivation**: The bed is covered with a film within 3 days of sowing. After 3 days, the film is removed for daily ventilation. When the mycelium covers two-thirds of the bed, soil (fertile paddy soil or alum) is applied, 3.5-4 cm thick. 8. **Inducing Mushrooming**: After 10-15 days, the mycelium becomes strong, and small bumps appear on the soil surface. Bud induction involves spraying water to increase humidity to 90-95% and lifting the film for better air circulation. After 5-7 days, primordia form, and heavy watering is used to maintain moisture and encourage mushroom growth. 9. **Harvesting and Processing**: From bud formation to maturity, it takes 5-7 days. Harvest when the cap is hemispherical and the membrane is still intact. The entire growing cycle yields 5-6 harvests, with a bioconversion rate of up to 50%. Most brown mushrooms are exported as dried products. Drying methods include dehydrators, fire cages, or sun-drying. Dehydrator-dried mushrooms are golden yellow, fragrant, and meet export standards.

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