The northern region experiences extremely cold winters and hot summers, making it challenging to maintain a stable environment for pig farming. To address the issues of cold resistance and heat reduction, we have introduced a unique pig-raising system known as the "large circle" design. This structure is significantly warmer in winter—about 10°C higher than the outside temperature—and cooler in summer, with an internal temperature that is about 5°C lower than the outside. The construction cost is relatively low, making it highly suitable for rural areas in the north.
The large circular pigsty is typically oriented east-west, with a high central area and lower sides on the north and south. The north-south walls are built up to 0.7 meters in height, using masonry materials. The gable walls and partition walls between pens are also constructed from masonry. The roof is supported by eight beams—one for each side—and one central beam. These can be made of either concrete or wooden beams. A layer of asbestos tiles or fiberglass sheets covers the upper part of the structure. On the second floor, a portion of the slope (approximately two-fifths of the total width) is left open to allow for ventilation and light.
During winter, plastic film is added to the top to absorb sunlight and enhance insulation. In summer, the film is removed (except during heavy rain), allowing for better airflow inside the circle. Outside the structure, grapevines are planted to provide natural shade and help reduce heat stress during the hotter months.
Inside the large circle, there are two rows of pigstalls, with a total of 10 stalls. Each stall measures 3.5 meters in length and width, providing 12.25 square meters of space per pen. At each end of the corridor, there is a 1.2-meter-wide door. During colder seasons like winter and early spring, only the eastern door is opened to help retain heat. In summer and fall, or when pigs are being slaughtered, doors along the east-west axis can be fully opened for improved ventilation.
Feed troughs are placed on both sides of the corridor, and the walls adjacent to the troughs are reinforced to make feeding easier for the pigs. Next to each trough is a gate that opens into the corridor, designed with a strong structure. Drinking spouts are installed on either the eastern or western side of the pigpen. The top of the lap is set at 2.5 meters, and the entire structure is 17.5 meters long.
In this large circle, 10 stalls are used for raising pigs. Some are dedicated to large pigs, housing 10 to 12 animals per pen, while others raise around 20 small pigs (Xiaocang pigs). On the southern side of one row, there are sows, including those in late pregnancy, with 3 to 4 pre-pregnant sows per row. In the northern part of the same row, fattening pigs are raised. This layout ensures efficient use of space and supports different stages of pig development.
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