This regulation focuses on the breeding and management of Simmental cows, covering all stages from calfhood to adulthood. It outlines key aspects such as feeding and care for calves, management of breeding cattle (including pregnant females), adult cow feeding practices, daily record-keeping, performance measurement, and environmental conditions.
Yak calves are specifically addressed in this standard, particularly female calves, from birth up to six months of age.
1. As soon as a yak is born, an individual record should be created and maintained to track its development and health.
2. Colostrum from the mother should be given as early as possible—ideally within 2 hours of birth—and continued for 3 to 5 days. The colostrum should be warmed to between 35°C and 38°C. The initial feeding should be 1.5 to 2 kg, with a total daily amount of approximately 8% of the calf’s body weight, divided into 2 to 3 feedings. After each feeding, warm water should be offered every 1 to 3 hours to ensure hydration.
3. Colostrum can be administered using specialized bottles with a cross-cut nipple to help the calf suckle more easily. Alternatively, it can be fed using buckets. If the calf refuses to drink, a stomach tube may be used as a last resort.
4. After 3 to 5 days of colostrum, the calf can transition to regular milk. Fresh milk is preferred, and the transition from colostrum to regular milk or milk replacer should begin at around 10 to 15 days of age. The amount of milk should gradually decrease as the calf grows, leading up to weaning.
5. Calves should be kept in individual pens to improve survival rates and feeding efficiency. High-quality hay should be introduced as roughage. To encourage concentrate intake, small amounts of milk can be sprinkled on the feed, or the concentrate can be mixed into boiled porridge and combined with milk. This practice typically starts after two weeks.
6. Weaning usually occurs around three months of age. During the first half of weaning, the amount of coarse feed should be gradually increased while reducing milk intake. Feeding frequency should be reduced from 2–3 times a day to once, then every other day. At weaning time, milk can be replaced with warm water in a 1:1 ratio, gradually increasing water intake until all milk is replaced. The total milk consumed during lactation should ideally range between 250–350 kg.
7. From three months onward, the calf's feed intake increases steadily. Careful attention should be paid to limiting concentrate feeding to no more than 2 kg per calf per day. High-quality green roughage should be prioritized to support future milk production. The diet for calves aged 3 to 6 months should include 2 kg of yak milk, 1.4–2.1 kg of hay, or 5–9 kg of silage, along with mineral supplements.
8. Any extra teats on the udder should be removed between 4 to 6 weeks of age to aid in cleaning and reduce the risk of mastitis later in life.
9. The average daily weight gain for calves before six months should be between 600–630 grams.
By following these guidelines, breeders can ensure optimal growth, health, and productivity of Simmental cows throughout their life cycle.
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