After wheat is harvested, a significant amount of straw is often left piled in courtyards or open spaces. This not only poses a fire hazard but can also lead to mold growth, environmental pollution, and health risks. The most effective solution is to utilize wheat straw as animal feed for cattle farming, either by returning it to the fields or converting it into valuable resources. However, fresh wheat straw has a high crude fiber content—around 39% or more—which makes it difficult to digest, low in nutritional value, and unpalatable for cattle. To improve its quality, it must be treated with ammonia.
Ammoniated wheat straw becomes softer, develops a sweet and fruity aroma, and is much more appealing to beef cattle. Especially during summer and autumn, mixing it with green feed helps prevent diarrhea and reduce disease incidence. Below is a detailed guide on how to properly ammoniate wheat straw:
First, select a flat, elevated, dry, and accessible location. Dig a pit in the center and cover it with plastic film. The size of the plastic should be adjusted based on the quantity of straw, but make sure it extends 50–60 cm beyond the edges to ensure a tight seal.
Second, prepare the ammonia solution. A 3% concentration is ideal for wheat straw treatment. Mix 1.5 kg of urea with 15 liters of clean water. If urea is unavailable, ammonium bicarbonate can be used instead, though you'll need about 5 kg of it mixed with 15 liters of water.
Third, proceed with the actual ammoniation process. Clean the straw and remove any dirt or impurities. Stack the straw on the plastic-lined pit, then spray the prepared ammonia solution evenly over the pile. Aim for 15 liters of solution per 50 kg of straw. After stacking, fold the plastic over the pile and cover it tightly with soil or additional straw. Ensure there are no air leaks.
After sealing, let the straw sit for different periods depending on the season: about 2 weeks in summer, 7 weeks in winter, and 3 weeks in spring and autumn. Once ready, open the pile and allow the straw to air out for two days before feeding to eliminate residual ammonia and prevent poisoning.
When introducing the ammoniated straw to cattle, start with small amounts and gradually increase the portion to help them adapt. It's best to mix it with green feed or other high-quality forages. Typically, ammoniated wheat straw should make up 40–60% of the total forage offered. This method not only reduces waste but also improves livestock nutrition and farm efficiency.
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