Apple fruit rot diseases, such as rotenia, black rot, anthracnose, brown rot, and epidemic rot, can severely damage healthy fruits, turning them into unmarketable produce. This not only reduces the overall yield but also affects the quality of the apples, ultimately lowering the profitability of the orchard.
These pathogens typically infect apple fruits during the early growth stage, from May to July, and then remain dormant for a period. As the fruits approach maturity in late autumn (around 8–9 months), symptoms begin to appear after a short latency period. The disease is particularly prevalent during the late rainy season when warm and humid conditions create an ideal environment for pathogen development.
To prevent these issues, farmers should take proactive measures to protect their crops and ensure higher yields. Here are some effective strategies:
1. **Enhance Tree Health and Disease Resistance**
Starting from August, apply foliar sprays containing potassium-rich nutrients, such as poly confectionery, high beauty, and 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, every 10–15 days. Ensure proper irrigation, avoid unnecessary ring-barking or girdling, and prune excess branches to improve air circulation. Remove infested, deformed, or dried fruits to reduce nutrient waste and boost tree vitality, which in turn enhances the tree’s resistance to diseases.
2. **Use Appropriate Fungicides and Pesticides**
From August to September, when apples are maturing and disease outbreaks are common, it's crucial to adjust spraying schedules based on weather conditions. If there is little rain, follow a regular spray schedule. However, in wet and humid conditions, shorten the interval between sprays and increase frequency. Use a combination of systemic and protective fungicides. Recommended solutions include 68.75% Esafety at 1500 times dilution, 10% Etoxazole at 2500–3000 times, 1200–1500 times for certain bactericides, 70% Thiophanate-methyl at 800 times, 80% Dazong M-45 at 800 times, 40% Fuxing at 800–1000 times, and commonly used Bordeaux mixture. Adding synergists and penetrants can enhance effectiveness and durability against rain.
3. **Ensure Proper Spraying Techniques**
Spray thoroughly, focusing on all parts of the tree, including branches and fruits. Pay special attention to areas most vulnerable to infection. Avoid careless application and ensure that every part of the tree receives adequate coverage. This meticulous approach helps control the spread of rot and minimizes losses.
4. **Post-Harvest Treatment for Storage**
After harvesting, soak the apples in a 2%–6% calcium chloride solution, fruit disease safety agent, or bacterial disinfectant for 0.5–1 minute before storage. This treatment significantly reduces the risk of post-harvest rot, ensuring better quality and longer shelf life.
By implementing these practices, farmers can effectively manage apple fruit rot diseases, maintain high-quality production, and maximize profits.
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