Apple fruit rot diseases mainly include rot, black rot, anthracnose, brown rot, and blight. These diseases can transform healthy fruits into damaged ones, negatively impacting both the yield and quality of the harvest, which in turn reduces the profitability of orchards.
The pathogens responsible for apple rot usually infect fruits during the early growth stage (May to July) and then remain dormant. As the fruits mature in late autumn (around 8-9 months), symptoms begin to appear after a short period. The disease tends to be more severe during the late rainy season, especially under warm and humid conditions.
To protect the orchard and ensure better yields, farmers should take proactive measures to manage and control these diseases effectively.
1. **Strengthen Cultivation and Management to Improve Disease Resistance**
Starting from August, it's important to apply foliar sprays such as polyconfectionery, high beauty, and potassium-based fertilizers like 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Spraying should be done every 10–15 days. Proper land management, including timely irrigation and pruning, is also essential. Remove excess branches, weak shoots, and dense or thin branches to improve air circulation. Additionally, using fruit bags can help remove infested, deformed, or dried fruits, reducing nutrient loss and enhancing the tree’s overall health and resilience.
2. **Choose Appropriate Pesticides for Effective Control**
From August to September, apples are not only reaching maturity but also facing a peak period for pathogen spread. Spraying should be adjusted based on weather conditions. When there is little rain, regular spraying is sufficient. However, during periods of heavy rain and high humidity, the interval between sprays should be shortened, and the frequency increased. Systemic and protective fungicides should be alternated for better results. Some commonly used fungicides include:
- 68.75% Esafety at 1500 times dilution
- 10% Eserin at 2500–3000 times
- 1200–1500 times for other bactericides
- 70% Thiophanate-methyl at 800 times
- 80% Dasheng M-45 at 800 times
- 40% Fuxing at 800–1000 times
Bordeaux mixture is also widely used. Adding synergists and penetrants to the pesticide solution can enhance effectiveness, prolong residual action, and improve resistance to rain, resulting in better disease control.
3. **Ensure Quality in Spraying**
The spraying process must be thorough, uniform, and precise. Pay special attention to spraying the branches and fruits, focusing on key areas without missing any spots. A meticulous approach ensures maximum effectiveness in controlling post-harvest fruit rot.
4. **Post-Harvest Treatment to Reduce Rot**
After harvesting, fruits can be soaked in a 2%–6% calcium chloride solution, fruit disease safety, or bacterial disinfectant for 0.5–1 minute before storage. This treatment significantly reduces the risk of fruit rot during storage, helping maintain quality and marketability.
By implementing these strategies, farmers can effectively manage apple fruit rot, protect their investment, and ensure a better return on their efforts.
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