**Breeding Techniques of Golden Pheasants**
The golden pheasant, also known as the red-bellied golden pheasant, is a species belonging to the pheasant family and is considered one of the most beautiful birds in the world. Native to China, it is a rare and precious ornamental bird with high aesthetic and culinary value. Over the years, through extensive research and domestication, golden pheasants have successfully been bred in captivity, becoming a unique and popular species in China. Their rarity and beauty make them highly sought after, especially in coastal cities where they are priced between 150 to 300 yuan per bird. When preserved as specimens, their market value can reach up to 1,000 yuan each. This makes golden pheasant breeding not only an attractive business opportunity but also a promising niche in the ornamental bird industry.
**Morphological Characteristics and Living Habits**
Golden pheasants are slightly smaller than common pheasants, with distinct differences between males and females. The male golden pheasant, in particular, is renowned for its striking plumage. Its head is adorned with a silky crest, and the neck is surrounded by golden-brown fan-shaped feathers, resembling a shawl. The upper back is green, the lower back is golden, and the waist and abdomen are covered in bright red feathers that shimmer in the light. Its tail feathers can grow up to 75 centimeters long, decorated with cinnamon-yellow spots, making it one of the most visually stunning birds in the genus. Historically, these feathers were used to make luxurious fans, adding to their cultural and artistic significance. Beyond aesthetics, the meat of the golden pheasant is also considered delicious and has medicinal properties, such as stopping bleeding, detoxifying, and treating conditions like blood stasis and skin infections.
In terms of behavior, golden pheasants are similar to other pheasants. They are adaptable and can thrive in various climates, from the warm regions of Guangdong to the colder areas of Xinjiang. With multi-generation artificial breeding, their fear of humans has significantly decreased, and they have become more approachable. Breeding efforts have been ongoing since the 1990s, and the breeding success rate has increased dramatically, reaching up to 40% in some cases. These birds are active, good climbers, and fast runners, so a quiet environment with sufficient feed and clean water is essential for their well-being.
**Breeding and Rearing Techniques**
Golden pheasants typically reach sexual maturity at around 6 months of age. Hens begin laying eggs in early April and continue until July, producing about 20 eggs per season. In artificially bred populations, this number can increase to as many as 43 eggs. A male-to-female ratio of 1:2 to 1:3 is ideal. Males usually mature a month earlier than females and display courtship behaviors such as vocalizations, chasing females, and performing exaggerated displays to attract mates.
Eggs can be incubated naturally by hens or using artificial incubators. For optimal results, strong, healthy, and broody hens are preferred. However, artificial incubation is often used to improve hatch rates. The incubation period lasts 22 days, with temperature maintained at 38–38.5°C and humidity at 65–75%. Newly hatched chicks weigh approximately 20 grams. Temperature control is crucial during the first few weeks, starting at 38°C for the first three days and gradually decreasing over time.
Chicks should be given access to clean water before food. Brooding areas should be dry, clean, and well-ventilated, with low feed troughs and small drinking fountains. Water should be boiled and supplemented with glucose and antibiotics for the first few days. Chicks are fed high-protein starter feed (22–24% protein) and may be supplemented with vitamins and mealworms to support growth. Proper spacing is important—around 50–70 chicks per square meter—to ensure healthy development.
**Housing and Management**
Adult golden pheasants require spacious, well-drained housing with access to outdoor areas for exercise and natural behavior. Perches and sand-covered floors help maintain hygiene and promote feather health. Egg-laying boxes should be placed in quiet corners to encourage nesting. Breeder density is kept at 2 birds per square meter, while commercial birds are housed at 8 per square meter.
As young pheasants grow, they are gradually moved to larger enclosures to reduce overcrowding and promote full feather development. At three months old, they are separated into breeder and commercial groups. Breeders need regular interaction with handlers to build trust and reduce stress. Cleanliness and proper nutrition are key, with a balanced diet including vitamins, greens, berries, and animal-based feeds.
**Disease Prevention and Health Care**
To prevent diseases, chicks are given prophylactic treatments such as oxytetracycline, furazolidone, and glucose solution from day 3 onward. At 7–10 days old, they receive nasal vaccines for Newcastle disease. From day 15, antibiotics like penicillin, streptomycin, and oxytetracycline are alternated to prevent infections. Regular deworming with drugs like levamisole and metronidazole is also necessary.
By following these breeding techniques and management practices, golden pheasant farming can become a profitable and sustainable industry, combining both ornamental and economic value.
*Editor: Shanghai Emerging Rare Poultry Farms*
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