When selecting sows for breeding, it's crucial to prioritize local breeds. These breeds are well-adapted to the local environment, have strong resistance to roughage, and experience less stress. They also reach sexual maturity early, show clear signs of estrus, have high conception rates, and produce large litters. Additionally, they possess strong maternal instincts and are easier to manage. However, in recent years, due to the popularity of crossbreeding, purebred local sows have become increasingly rare. Therefore, it is advisable to select sows with a strong local lineage whenever possible. Breeding such pigs can result in offspring that are more marketable and command higher prices.
For boars, it's recommended to choose foreign breeds known for their high lean meat percentage, fast growth, and strong physical build. Among these, Duroc pigs are particularly popular. There are also markets for Landrace and Pietrain pigs, but the latter tends to have a stronger stress response and is more sensitive to environmental conditions, so careful consideration is needed when introducing them.
When deciding between raising local native pigs, three-way hybrids, or two-way hybrids, it’s important to conduct a thorough analysis of the local consumer market. Indigenous pigs may grow slower, but they offer superior meat quality and a unique flavor, which still has a significant market in remote areas. On the other hand, foreign three-way hybrids like Du Dachang or Du Changda have lean meat ratios of up to 62%–64%, making them highly sought after by urban consumers. These pigs grow faster, with an average daily weight gain of 700–900 grams and a feed-to-meat ratio of 2.6:1, offering excellent economic returns. They are ideal for suburban and major transportation areas.
While three-way hybrid pork may not match the quality of foreign crosses, it aligns better with the cooking habits and taste preferences of rural residents, making it suitable for the broader rural market.
Choosing the right breeding model is essential. The professional fattening model focuses solely on raising finishing pigs. It requires simple techniques, low investment, and quick turnover, with a feeding cycle of only 3–4 months. This flexibility allows for adjustments based on market conditions, reducing risk. However, it comes with challenges like unstable pig sources and potential disease risks.
The full-cycle farming model involves breeding, farrowing, and finishing all in one. This approach maximizes profit by capturing value from both breeding and finishing stages. It allows for better planning and resource utilization but requires significant capital, long production cycles, and skilled personnel. Market risks are higher here.
The breeding model specializes in raising and selling breeding pigs. It offers stable returns, fast cash flow, and better disease control. However, it demands substantial fixed investment in infrastructure and breeding stock, along with higher technical requirements.
Market fluctuations in live pig prices are influenced by factors like feed costs, pig origins, and diseases, though these are often unrelated. Pork price trends are key drivers, with noticeable increases before major holidays like May Day, the "11th" holiday, and New Year’s Day. These peaks are largely driven by urban demand. Rural consumers typically raise small numbers of pigs for personal use, having minimal impact on overall market prices.
Under normal conditions, pigs take about 160–180 days to reach slaughter weight. By purchasing suitable pigs or medium-sized pigs for fattening, farmers can target peak market periods like May Day or New Year’s Day to maximize profits. However, market opportunities are influenced by many variables, including politics, economy, and global trends.
Since 2007, pork prices have steadily increased, leading to high profits. But expanding breeding scale blindly is risky, especially when pig prices remain high, increasing purchase costs. Government interventions and rising feed prices can reduce margins. Thus, seizing business opportunities requires a balanced view of various factors.
In China, feed costs account for 70%–80% of pig-raising expenses, compared to around 50% in advanced countries. A pig-to-feed ratio of 5.5:1 to 6.5:1 is considered optimal. Prices that are too high or too low are both problematic—too low leads to low profits or losses, while too high brings high risk. Accurate timing and market awareness are essential in the pig industry.
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