I. Fertilizer utilization China's current fertilizer utilization rate is lower than in developed countries. The utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is only 30% to 40% in the current season. There are 3 fates after nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the soil. First, it is absorbed and utilized by the current crop (usually 30 to 40%); the second is residue in the soil (25 to 35). %); The third is to leave the soil - the crop is lost (20 to 60%). Phosphate fertilizer utilization rate of 10 ~ 25%, K fertilizer utilization rate of 50 ~ 60%. So how do we increase the utilization of chemical fertilizers?
Second, measures to increase fertilizer utilization
1. Reasonably determine the amount and type of fertilizer to be applied due to the fertilization of the crop and the characteristics of soil fertility, pH, and fertilizer requirements of the crop. For example, legume crops, rapeseed, cotton, melons, and fruit trees are phosphorus-loving crops, and the application of phosphate fertilizer has a good fertilizer effect. Alkaline fertilizers are used in acidic soils to prevent soil acidification.
2. The mixed use of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic fertilizer According to experiments on wheat, the combined application of N, P and K increased production by 16.5% compared with single application of phosphorus, 10.5% more than single application of nitrogen, and 6.4% more than combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus. In addition, the use of organic fertilizers can also reduce the adsorption and fixation of phosphorus on the soil and increase the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizers.
3. Deep and concentrated application and deep application of layered application are important ways to increase the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate and reduce the loss of nitrogen fertilizer. Not only can it reduce the volatilization of ammonia, but also can reduce the loss of denitrification. The centralized application of phosphate fertilizer can reduce fertilizers on the one hand. The contact surface of soil reduces chemical fixation. On the other hand, it can also increase the concentration difference between the crop root and promote the absorption of phosphorus by the crop. In addition, phosphorus has poor mobility in the soil. The layered application can meet the requirements of phosphorus at different growth stages. demand.
4. The critical period and the maximum efficiency period of nutrients for proper use of crops are the two key periods for crops to absorb nutrients. Both phases should be grasped to ensure the maximum efficiency of fertilizers and the demand of crops for nutrients. In general, the critical period of phosphorus nutrition is in the early growth period, nitrogen is slightly later than the phosphorus in the critical period of nutrition. The maximum efficiency period is during the period from vegetative growth to reproductive growth.
5. Strengthen Water Management Water supply is closely related to the absorption of crop nutrients. Improper use of water not only causes loss of nutrients, but also affects the growth of crops. Appropriate irrigation can increase fertilizer utilization, but too much or too little will reduce utilization.
6, foliar spraying fertilizer on the crop spraying fertilizer, not only can meet the crop's demand for nutrients, but also can reduce the soil nutrient fixation, improve fertilizer utilization. If 2 ~ 3% of superphosphate (add water, stir and stand for 24 hours, take clear solution) as aqueous solution for the effect of foliar spray fertilizer is better.
7. Economic fertilization If the residual nitrogen in the soil is 25-35%, the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer is low (10-25%), but its residual efficiency is 38.9% within 20 years. According to tests, if the total production of phosphorus fertilizer in the current season and the second quarter is 100%, it will account for 50% in the current season, 25% in the second quarter, 15% in the third quarter and 10% in the fourth quarter. Therefore, we must make full use of fertilizer aftereffects, not only to save fertilizer, but also to increase fertilizer utilization.
8. The formula fertilization test shows that the formula fertilization technology can increase the fertilizer utilization rate by 5% to 10%, and it can also avoid blind fertilization and reduce fertilizer waste. In terms of absolute values, the amount of nitrogen absorbed by crops, the amount of residual soil, and the amount of fertilizer lost increase with the increase in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer; from the relative point of view, the use of nitrogen fertilizer decreases with the increase of the amount of fertilizer, and the loss rate is With the increase in the amount of fertilizer increases.
9, with the application of fertilizer in the application of reasonable phosphorus at the same time, in the wheat, per acre to apply 1 kg of zinc fertilizer, boron 0.5 kg, the effect of increasing production is better.
Second, measures to increase fertilizer utilization
1. Reasonably determine the amount and type of fertilizer to be applied due to the fertilization of the crop and the characteristics of soil fertility, pH, and fertilizer requirements of the crop. For example, legume crops, rapeseed, cotton, melons, and fruit trees are phosphorus-loving crops, and the application of phosphate fertilizer has a good fertilizer effect. Alkaline fertilizers are used in acidic soils to prevent soil acidification.
2. The mixed use of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic fertilizer According to experiments on wheat, the combined application of N, P and K increased production by 16.5% compared with single application of phosphorus, 10.5% more than single application of nitrogen, and 6.4% more than combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus. In addition, the use of organic fertilizers can also reduce the adsorption and fixation of phosphorus on the soil and increase the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizers.
3. Deep and concentrated application and deep application of layered application are important ways to increase the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate and reduce the loss of nitrogen fertilizer. Not only can it reduce the volatilization of ammonia, but also can reduce the loss of denitrification. The centralized application of phosphate fertilizer can reduce fertilizers on the one hand. The contact surface of soil reduces chemical fixation. On the other hand, it can also increase the concentration difference between the crop root and promote the absorption of phosphorus by the crop. In addition, phosphorus has poor mobility in the soil. The layered application can meet the requirements of phosphorus at different growth stages. demand.
4. The critical period and the maximum efficiency period of nutrients for proper use of crops are the two key periods for crops to absorb nutrients. Both phases should be grasped to ensure the maximum efficiency of fertilizers and the demand of crops for nutrients. In general, the critical period of phosphorus nutrition is in the early growth period, nitrogen is slightly later than the phosphorus in the critical period of nutrition. The maximum efficiency period is during the period from vegetative growth to reproductive growth.
5. Strengthen Water Management Water supply is closely related to the absorption of crop nutrients. Improper use of water not only causes loss of nutrients, but also affects the growth of crops. Appropriate irrigation can increase fertilizer utilization, but too much or too little will reduce utilization.
6, foliar spraying fertilizer on the crop spraying fertilizer, not only can meet the crop's demand for nutrients, but also can reduce the soil nutrient fixation, improve fertilizer utilization. If 2 ~ 3% of superphosphate (add water, stir and stand for 24 hours, take clear solution) as aqueous solution for the effect of foliar spray fertilizer is better.
7. Economic fertilization If the residual nitrogen in the soil is 25-35%, the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer is low (10-25%), but its residual efficiency is 38.9% within 20 years. According to tests, if the total production of phosphorus fertilizer in the current season and the second quarter is 100%, it will account for 50% in the current season, 25% in the second quarter, 15% in the third quarter and 10% in the fourth quarter. Therefore, we must make full use of fertilizer aftereffects, not only to save fertilizer, but also to increase fertilizer utilization.
8. The formula fertilization test shows that the formula fertilization technology can increase the fertilizer utilization rate by 5% to 10%, and it can also avoid blind fertilization and reduce fertilizer waste. In terms of absolute values, the amount of nitrogen absorbed by crops, the amount of residual soil, and the amount of fertilizer lost increase with the increase in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer; from the relative point of view, the use of nitrogen fertilizer decreases with the increase of the amount of fertilizer, and the loss rate is With the increase in the amount of fertilizer increases.
9, with the application of fertilizer in the application of reasonable phosphorus at the same time, in the wheat, per acre to apply 1 kg of zinc fertilizer, boron 0.5 kg, the effect of increasing production is better.
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