(a) Real Seedlings
The seeds of *Syzygium rosenbergii* are polyembryonic, meaning multiple embryos can develop within a single seed. Seedlings that emerge from the heart embryos retain the genetic characteristics of the parent plant, making them ideal for propagation. However, distinguishing between seedlings developed from sexual embryos and those from the heart embryos is challenging based on morphology alone. As a result, sexual seedlings often exhibit significant variability in growth and fruit quality after planting, which makes them unsuitable for commercial cultivation or proper stock selection. Additionally, *Lianwu*, a variety of *Syzygium*, is rarely cultivated due to its small seed size and poor development. For *Syzygium mongolica*, it is essential to wait until the seeds are fully mature before harvesting. Fresh seeds tend to have low germination rates, so they must be stored properly before sowing. The germination rate of *Syzygium* seeds is generally low, ranging from 13% to 28%, but each seed can produce 3 to 4 independent seedlings. Rose apple can be sown using methods similar to litchi and longan. About a week after sowing, germination begins, and careful attention must be given to fertilization, irrigation, and pest control during this period. Thinning or transplanting should be done as needed.
(b) Air Layering
Air layering, also known as "looping," is a common method used for propagating plants like *Syzygium* and rose apple. This technique is simple and allows for rapid growth of seedlings. However, it involves a higher risk of material loss and is less efficient for large-scale production. During the growing season, typically from April to May, when sap flow is active and the bark is easy to peel, choose branches with a thickness of 1 to 2 cm. Make a circular cut at the base of the branch, about 2 to 3 cm wide, then wrap the area with plastic film to maintain moisture. A rooting medium such as coconut coir mixed with compost or fertilizer can be placed around the cut. After 1 to 2 months, new roots will begin to form. Once 2 to 3 strong roots appear, the branch can be severed from the mother plant and transplanted into a nursery. Repeat this process 2 to 3 times to allow the new shoots to mature before planting.
(c) Cuttings
Cuttings are an effective and widely used method for propagating *Syzygium chinense* and *Lianmian*. These species root easily, making them suitable for producing a large number of seedlings quickly. The process is cost-effective and straightforward. It is best to take cuttings just before the spring flush of new growth, when the branches are abundant, nutrient-rich, and the soil temperature is rising. High air humidity and cloudy weather help reduce transpiration and evaporation, preventing the cuttings from drying out and promoting root development. Select branches that are 2 to 3 years old, and cut them into 15 to 20 cm sections. Insert approximately two-thirds of the cutting into a sand bed, ensuring consistent moisture and shade. Protect against excessive humidity and rot. Roots usually appear within 1 to 2 months, followed by new shoot growth. Once 2 to 3 new shoots have matured, the cuttings can be moved to the nursery for further growth before being planted in the field.
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