It is crucial to enhance the management of fertilizers and irrigation during the critical growth phase of summer corn, from sowing until the early stage of jointing. As a local saying goes, "Three minutes, seven minutes—scientific application of fertilizer and water is the key." Practical experience has shown that achieving scientific fertilizer and water management involves implementing the "three attack" fertilization strategy: applying stalk base fertilizer, panicle fertilizer, and grain-filling fertilizer.
The first stage is the stalk base fertilizer application. This occurs before the seedlings reach the small bell-mouth stage, when vegetative growth dominates. Early-maturing varieties typically begin this phase at 5–6 leaves, while medium-maturing ones start at around 7 leaves, just as the tassel growth cone begins to elongate. This is one of the most effective periods for fertilization, accounting for approximately 30% of the total fertilizer used. At this point, adequate nutrients and water are essential to promote strong and early seedling development, laying a solid foundation for future yield.
The second stage is the panicle fertilizer application. This takes place during the big bell-mouth period, just before the tassel emerges. It’s a time when both vegetative and reproductive growth are active. At this stage, the 11th leaf is fully unfolded, and the plant has developed about 60% of its full size. The tassel has already begun floret differentiation, making it a critical time for determining the number of ears. Sufficient fertilizer and water at this point can significantly increase the number of kernels, making it another vital stage in the fertilization process. About 60% of the total fertilizer is applied here, primarily nitrogen, with a moderate amount of potassium also being necessary. If this stage lacks proper nutrition, it may lead to tall plants with small ears and low yields.
The third stage is the grain-filling fertilizer. This occurs during the tasseling and pollination period, when the plant shifts into reproductive growth. At this time, the stems stop growing, and the focus turns to grain development. For corn that has not received enough nutrients earlier or has had delayed fertilization after tasseling, an additional grain-filling application is crucial. This is especially important for mid-season and late-maturing varieties. The third application accounts for roughly 20% of the total fertilizer. Ensuring sufficient moisture and nutrients during this stage helps extend the functional life of the leaves, supporting better nutrient synthesis, transport, and storage in the grains, ultimately leading to higher grain filling and better yield.
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