It is crucial to enhance the management of fertilizers and irrigation during the critical growth phase of summer corn, from sowing until the early stage of jointing. As the saying goes, "Three minutes, seven minutes—scientific application of fertilizer and water is key." Practical experience has shown that achieving scientific management of fertilizers and water involves implementing the "three attack" fertilization method: stalk base fertilizer, panicle fertilizer, and grain-filling fertilizer.
The first stage is the stalk base fertilizer application. This occurs before the seedlings reach the small trumpet stage, when vegetative growth is dominant. Early-maturing varieties typically begin this phase at 5–6 leaves, while medium-maturing types start at 7 leaves. At this point, the tassel growth cone begins to elongate, making it an ideal time for fertilization. This stage accounts for about 30% of the total fertilizer used. Ensuring adequate nutrients and water at this time is essential for promoting strong and early seedling development, laying a solid foundation for future yield.
The second stage is the panicle fertilizer application. This takes place just before tasseling, during the large trumpet stage, which marks the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. At this point, the 11th leaf is fully expanded, and the plant has developed approximately 60% of its structure. The tassel has begun floret differentiation, making it a critical period for determining the number of ears. Sufficient fertilizer and water during this time can significantly increase grain numbers, making it another vital stage for fertilization. This phase accounts for roughly 60% of the total fertilizer, primarily nitrogen, with some potassium also being necessary. If nutrients are lacking, the plant may grow tall but produce small ears, leading to lower yields.
The third stage is the grain-filling fertilizer application. This occurs during the tasseling and pollination period, when the corn enters the main reproductive growth phase. At this time, stem growth slows down, and the focus shifts to grain development. For crops that have received insufficient nutrients or experienced delayed fertilization after tasseling, applying additional grain-filling fertilizer becomes essential. This is especially important in mid-season areas where medium- to late-maturing varieties are grown. This final stage accounts for about 20% of the total fertilizer. Adequate irrigation during this time ensures sufficient moisture and nutrients, helping to extend the functional life of the leaves. This supports the efficient synthesis, transport, and storage of nutrients into the grains, ultimately leading to better grain filling and higher yields.
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