Tulip bulbs at 5°C require sufficient time to complete their developmental stages, as each species has different processing times and optimal planting windows. Growers should choose the most suitable planting time based on market expectations and actual conditions during this period.
Before planting, tulip bulbs should be planted immediately upon arrival. If the soil temperature exceeds 16°C, they can be stored for up to 1-2 weeks in a cold room at 2–5°C with 70% humidity and proper airflow (0.5m³ of air per hour per bulb). Poor ventilation can lead to Penicillium infection. It is best to plant tulips in standard plastic boxes used for tulips or lilies. If unavailable, use sorghum to reduce the risk of soil pathogens infecting the roots.
The growing medium should have a pH of 6–7, EC below 1.5 mS/cm, be loose, sterile, and well-draining. Peat can help lower the pH and improve porosity. Soils with high EC values must be leached for two months before planting.
Seven days before planting, water the medium thoroughly. Cover the greenhouse with two layers of shade net (south side) or straw (north side), while ensuring good ventilation and cooling inside.
For bulb disinfection, if soil temperature is above 14°C, remove the brown outer skin and soak bulbs in a 0.2% carbendazim solution for 15 minutes. Plant bulbs on loose soil, 30–40 cm apart, covering them by 1–2 cm. About 200 bulbs per square meter are recommended.
During the rooting phase (about 3 weeks), maintain soil temperature between 9–12°C. Use heavy shading and cold water to cool the soil, avoiding extreme temperature fluctuations. No light is needed during this time. Water only if the medium becomes very dry.
After rooting, gradually introduce light and keep the greenhouse temperature at 15–17°C until flowering. Winter heating may be necessary, especially at night. Avoid excessive humidity, which can cause diseases like gray mold. Do not allow exhaust fumes into the greenhouse, as they can kill all plants.
Water bulbs properly after planting, ensuring adequate moisture. After watering, ventilate to avoid wet conditions that promote Botrytis infections.
Maintain relative humidity between 60% and 80%. A hygrometer placed at the top of the plants helps monitor this. If humidity is too low, growth slows; if too high, lodging, gray mold, and other issues increase. Ventilation and slight heating can help manage humidity.
Fertilization is usually unnecessary, but if needed, apply calcium nitrate (2 kg per 100 m²) in three applications, one week apart. Calcium ions help prevent stem tipping.
Monitor plants regularly for signs of Botrytis or Fusarium. Remove any bulbs that fail to sprout or grow slowly, as they may release ethylene gas that harms surrounding plants.
Potential issues include high temperatures during rooting, leading to poor root development and late blooming; low temperatures post-rooting causing delayed flowering; and about 15% of bulbs may have problems despite optimal conditions.
For cut flowers, harvest when buds show color but are not fully open. Store in clean water at 2–5°C for 30–60 minutes. Keep cut flowers vertical in storage to prevent bending, with controlled humidity and ventilation. Storage should not exceed 1–2 days.
Diseases like Penicillium, soft rot, Fusarium, Botrytis, and Rhizoctonia can affect tulips. Preventive measures include proper storage, disinfection, good ventilation, and avoiding overwatering.
Physiological issues such as blind flowering and calcium deficiency can occur due to environmental stress, improper care, or disease. Ethylene exposure from nearby fruits or combustion sources can also damage plants.
To ensure healthy growth, maintain proper temperature, humidity, and ventilation, and follow strict hygiene practices throughout the cultivation process.
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