Tulip bulbs require sufficient time to complete their growth stages, and the duration of each phase varies depending on the species. As a result, each type of tulip has an optimal planting window—both earliest and latest. Growers can choose the most suitable time based on market demand and environmental conditions during this period.
Before planting, it's crucial to handle the bulbs properly. Upon arrival, they should be planted immediately. If the soil temperature exceeds 16°C, the bulbs can be stored for up to two weeks in a cold room maintained at 2–5°C with 70% humidity and proper air circulation (0.5m³ per hour). Poor ventilation may lead to Penicillium infections, so ensuring good airflow is essential.
Planting should ideally take place in standard plastic containers designed for tulips or lilies. If such boxes are unavailable, using sorghum as a medium can help reduce the risk of soil-borne pathogens infecting the tulip roots.
The growing medium should be loose, well-draining, and slightly acidic (pH 6–7), with an EC value below 1.5 mS/cm. Peat can be added to lower the pH and improve aeration. Soils with high salinity should be leached for at least two months before use.
Seven days before planting, the medium should be watered once. Then, cover the greenhouse with two layers of shade netting (on the south side) or straw (on the north), while maintaining good ventilation and keeping the internal temperature low.
For bulb disinfection, if the soil temperature is above 14°C, it’s recommended to dip the bulbs in a solution of 0.2% carbendazim for 15 minutes after removing the outer skin. This helps prevent fungal infections.
When planting, place the bulbs 30–40 cm apart on loose soil, ensuring they are covered by 1–2 cm of soil. About 200 bulbs per square meter is typical. Water lightly after planting.
During the rooting phase, which lasts about three weeks, maintain the soil temperature between 9–12°C. Use shading and cold water to cool the soil, avoiding extreme temperature fluctuations. No light is needed during this stage; cover the greenhouse with shade nets or straw while keeping it ventilated. Water only when necessary, and keep the medium slightly moist.
After rooting, gradually introduce light and raise the greenhouse temperature to 15–17°C until flowering. In colder regions, heating may be required, especially at night. Avoid using heat sources that produce fumes, as they can damage the plants. Ensure good air circulation to prevent high humidity, which can lead to Botrytis and other diseases.
Water the bulbs regularly after planting, but avoid leaving them in a wet state. Maintain a relative humidity of 60–80%, using a hygrometer to monitor levels. If humidity is too high, increase ventilation or apply slight heating.
Fertilization is generally not required for tulips, but if needed, apply calcium nitrate (2 kg per 100 m²) in three separate applications after rooting. Calcium helps prevent stem bending.
Monitor the plants closely for signs of Botrytis or Fusarium. Remove any bulbs that fail to sprout or grow slowly, as they may be infected and release ethylene gas that harms nearby plants.
Common issues include overheating during rooting, insufficient warming after rooting, and a final product rate of around 85%, which is acceptable under international standards.
For cut flowers, harvest when buds show color but haven’t fully opened. Store them in clean water at 2–5°C for 30–60 minutes. Keep them upright in a cool, dry, well-ventilated space. Avoid long storage to prevent ethylene damage and gray mold.
Diseases like Penicillium, soft rot, Fusarium, Botrytis, and Rhizoctonia can occur. Preventive measures include proper storage, disinfection, good ventilation, and avoiding overwatering.
Physiological issues such as blind flowering, calcium deficiency, and ethylene injury can also arise. These are often caused by improper temperature, humidity, or poor root development. Managing these factors is key to healthy growth.
Ethylene exposure, from sources like fruits, vegetables, or fuel combustion, can cause plant stunting, bud death, and flower abortion. Always keep tulips away from these sources.
In summary, successful tulip cultivation requires attention to timing, temperature, humidity, and disease prevention. Following these guidelines ensures healthy, vibrant blooms.
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