Plant Nutrition and Rational Fertilization: What Are the Essential Nutrients for Higher Plants?
Plants require a variety of nutrients to grow, develop, and reproduce. While more than 70 chemical elements can be found in plants, only 16 are considered essential for the growth and development of higher plants. These include carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), boron (B), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), and chlorine (Cl). Some researchers now believe that nickel (Ni) may also be an essential nutrient, making it the 17th.
These nutrients are classified based on the amount required by plants. Macronutrients are needed in large quantities and include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Secondary nutrients, which are required in moderate amounts, consist of calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. Micronutrients, or trace elements, are needed in smaller amounts but are still crucial for plant health. These include iron, boron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum, and chlorine.
To be classified as an essential nutrient, a substance must meet three key criteria. First, it is necessary for both vegetative and reproductive growth. If it is completely absent, the plant cannot complete its life cycle. Second, the need for this element is specific—no other element can replace its function. When the element is missing, the plant exhibits distinct deficiency symptoms, which can only be resolved by providing the nutrient. Third, the nutrient must directly affect the plant's physiological processes, rather than just indirectly improving environmental conditions.
Understanding these essential nutrients helps farmers and gardeners apply fertilizers more effectively, ensuring that plants receive the right balance of nutrients for optimal growth and productivity.
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