Plant Nutrition and Rational Fertilization: What Are the Essential Nutrients for Higher Plants?
Plants require a variety of nutrients to grow and develop properly. While more than 70 chemical elements can be found in plants, only 16 are considered essential for the growth and development of higher plants. These include carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), boron (B), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), chlorine (Cl), and some researchers now consider nickel (Ni) as the 17th essential nutrient.
These nutrients are classified based on the amount required by plants. Macronutrients are needed in large quantities and include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Secondary nutrients, which are required in moderate amounts, consist of calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. Micronutrients, also known as trace elements, are needed in smaller quantities and include iron, boron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum, and chlorine.
According to scientific research, an element is considered essential if it meets three key criteria. First, it must be necessary for both vegetative and reproductive growth; without it, the plant cannot complete its life cycle. Second, the need for the element must be specific—no other element can substitute for it. If the plant lacks this element, it will show distinct deficiency symptoms, and these symptoms can only be corrected by providing the missing nutrient. Third, the element must directly affect the plant's physiological processes rather than just indirectly improving the growing environment.
Understanding these essential nutrients helps farmers and gardeners make informed decisions about fertilization, ensuring that plants receive the right balance of nutrients for optimal growth and productivity.
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